DBMS CONCEPTS
Introduction to Database Systems
Data : Known Facts that can be recorded and have an implicit
meaning
Database: A Database is an organized collection of related data
stored on disk and can be accessible by many concurrent users
DBMS : A set of programs that manage any number of databases
Database System:
The DBMS Software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
Applications are also included
Introduction to Database Systems
A DBMS is responsible for :
accessing data
Inserting , updating and deleting data
security, backup, recovery
Integrity , availability, performance
Managing Data
There are two methods to manage data:
1. File Based Approach : An approach that
utilizes a collection of application programs
which performs services to end-
users(eg.Reports) . Each program defines and
manages its own data
2. Database Approach : An approach that data
is collected and manipulated using specific
software called Database Management
System, and many programs share this data
File Based Approach
DBMS vs Flat Files
Query Ability
Redundancy Control
Access control
Option to store Persistent Objects
Backup and Migrate
Multiple User Interfaces
Integrity Constraints
Relationship among Data
Flexibility
Application Development Time is reduced
Database Schema
Data Independence
Types of Database Schema
A database schema can be divided broadly into
two categories −
Physical Database Schema − This schema
pertains to the actual storage of data and its
form of storage like files, indices, etc. It defines
how the data will be stored in a secondary
storage.
Logical Database Schema − This schema defines
all the logical constraints that need to be applied
on the data stored. It defines tables, views, and
integrity constraints.
DBMS Architecture
The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture
Single Tier and Multi-tier
Single Tier : The DBMS is the only entity where the
user directly sits on the same system and uses it .
It is called Single tier Architecture . Database
Designers and Programmers prefer this
Ex : MS-ACCESS
General DBMS Architecture
Client/Server Architecture
Client/Server Architecture
In this architecture , users access the Database
Server through a client application such as sqlplus,
sql developer etc.,
Direct Communication between the Data Source
and the Client Application
User Interface Program and Application Programs
runs on Client Side through ODBC (Open Database
Connectivity)
Adv & Disadv of Client/Server
Advantages :
Easy to maintain
Faster Communication
Disadvantages :
Cost- Ineffective
Performance is less for higher number of
users
3- Tier Architecture
3-Tier Architecture
This tier is used for Business Applications like web based
It Consists of Client Layer, Applications Layer and Data
Layer
The Client Layer (Presentation Layer) consists of User
Interface (UI) and used for design purpose . The End users
operate on this tier
The Application Layer Hides the Physical storage structures
from the End user and describes entities, data types,
relationships and Constraints
3-Tier Architecture
The Data Layer consists of Internal View of Data and
its representation method like Storage Allocation and
Access Paths etc.,
File Organization, Access Paths like Indexes, data
compression techniques, encryption methods and
record placement
The information is received and stored in a file system
or database . This information is processed in the
Logical Tier and returned back to the Presentation
Introduction to Data Modeling
Data Models represent the logical or
conceptual representation of data
Data Models are helpful in data abstraction
Data Models are useful in processing and
storing data
The Predominantly used data models are :
1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Relational Model
Hierarchical Model(Inverted Tree)
Hierarchical Model
Each entity can have a single parent but several
children
At the top of hierarchy there is an entity called
Root.
Data is organized like an organization chart
Each node represents an entity and its
subordinate entity represents the next level of
hierarchical tree
Hierarchical Model
Each entity is equivalent of a table. The record
is represented by row and attribute by column
The relationship depicted is 1:N mapping
Drawbacks:
It cannot represent all the relationships
between data
It is very difficult to modify
Network Model
Entities are organized in a graph .
Some entities can be accessed via various
paths
i.e., M:N relationships
It is slow, complex and more difficult to
maintain
Relational Model
Data are organized in the two dimensional
tables called relations : Eg: Oracle,MySQL,
SQLServer
E-R Model
Entity – Relationship Model defines the
conceptual view of a database
E-R model defines the real world objects as
Entities and their association as Relationship
The attributes represent the properties of
the entities
E- R Model
The student is an entity and its attributes are
Name, Roll_No , BirthDate , PhoneNo etc.,
Normalization
Normalization is the process of removing
redundancies , anomalies etc.,
First Normal Form : Every attribute of a table
must be atomic i.e . Non-divisible
After First Normal Form
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
It states that Every Non-Prime Attribute Should
be fully functionally dependent on all
prime attributes
Before Second Normal Form: Stu_Name
depends on Stu_ID only and not Proj_ID and
hence it is partially dependent
After Second Normal Form
The above relation Student_Project is
divided into two tables : Student and
Project
Third Normal Form
It should hold Second Normal Form
It Should not be transitively dependent
After Third Normal Form
SQL BASIC OPERATIONS
DDL Commands – Data Definition Language
DML Commands – Data Manipulation Language
DRL Commands - Data Retrieval Language
DCL Commands – Data Control Language
TCL Commands - Transaction Control Language
DDL Commands
These are Auto Commit Commands
The datatypes can be char, varchar ,
varchar2,number ,long, date
create , alter , drop, truncate
create - To create a table
create table stud(sid number, sname
varchar2(20));
desc stud;
DDL Commands
alter - To alter a Table . This command is used
to add , drop, rename and modify columns
alter table stud add(saddr char(10), smobno
number);
alter table stud rename column saddr to sadd;
alter table stud drop column sadd;
alter table stud modify (sadd varchar2(20));
DDL Commands
drop table stud; Drops the entire table
truncate - truncates the table . The contents
are deleted maintaining its structure as it is
truncate table stud;
DML Commands
DML Commands are : insert, update,delete. These
commands are to be committed
insert – inserts records into database
insert into stud values(&sid,’&sname’);
insert into stud sid(543) ; commit;
update - updates the database records selectively or as a
whole
update stud set sname=‘thiagu’ where sid=543;
commit;
DML Commands
delete – deletes the records selected rows or
as a whole
delete from table where sid=543;
delete from stud; the whole table contents are
deleted
commit;
DRL , TCL
select statement is DRL
select sid,sname from stud;
select * from stud;
select * from stud where no>453;
TCL
commit,rollback ,savepoint
whenever a transaction is committed it
is written into the database
rollback; This is equivalent to undo
SavePoint: Temporarily Saving the data
till previous commit
DCL – data control language
grant and revoke
grant – grants permissions, privileges,roles
and profiles to users
grant connect,resource to user1;
revoke – takes back the
permissions,privileges,roles and profiles from
the users
revoke connect,resource from user1;
Constraints
To give conditions according to our needs
There are three types of constraints:
Domain - not null, check, default
Entity - primary key , unique key
Referential - foreign key
not null – This constraint prohibits the database to
have null values
unique constraint – This constraint does not allow
repeated values in the same column or group of
columns
Constraints
primary key – combination of unique and not null
constraints
foreign key – A parent table references a child table
check – This constraint checks the value of some
specific column
default – This constraint assigns default values to the
columns
Constraints
SQL> create table tt(tno number constraint ctt not
null,tname varchar(10));
Table created
SQL> alter table tt modify(tname constraint tt_cc not
null);
Table altered.
SQL> create table nn(nno number constraint nncc
PRIMARY KEY,nname varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL> create table ss(sno number,sname varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL> alter table ss modify(PRIMARY KEY(sno));
Table altered.
Constraints
SQL> alter table ss add(constraint sscc check(sno<100));
Table altered
SQL> alter table ss add(cname varchar(10) default('B.D.S'));
Table altered.
SQL> alter table ss add(studid number constraint stss
unique);
Table altered.
Constraints
SQL> create table pt(name varchar(10),id number
constraint pk PRIMARY KEY,sal number);
Table created.
SQL> create table ct(sname varchar(10),id number
constraint fk references pt(id));
Table created.
