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CompTIA Secure Infrastructure Specialist (CSIS)
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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 5
Explaining IPv4 Addressing

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Objectives
• Explain IPv4 addressing schemes
• Explain IPv4 forwarding
• Configure IP networks and subnets
Lesson 5

Topic 5A
Explain IPv4 Addressing Schemes

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IPv4 Datagram Header
• Version
• Length
• Protocol
• Protocol type in datagram payload
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• …
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IPv4 Address Format (Slide 1 of 2)
• IP address encodes a network ID and a host ID
• 32-bit IPv4
11000110001010010001000000001001
• Divide into octets (8 bits)
11000110 00101001 00010000 00001001
• Convert each octet to dotted decimal notation
198.51.100.1
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IPv4 Address Format (Slide 2 of 2)
• Binary/decimal conversion
• Range of values from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
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Network Masks
• Accompanies IP address to reveal
network ID part
• Binary 1 in the mask indicates
corresponding bit is part of network ID
• Dotted decimal mask or network prefix
(slash notation)
• “Default” masks align to octet
boundaries
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Subnet Masks
• Divide an IP network into multiple IP
subnets
• Designate some host bits as subnet
ID bits
• Subnet masks only used within the IP
network
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Host Address Ranges
• Number of host bits determines available
addresses
• First address is reserved for the network
• Last address is reserved for broadcast
• Subnet design fits requirements for
number of subnets and hosts per subnet
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Review Activity: IPv4 Addressing Schemes
• IPv4 Datagram Header
• IPv4 Address Format
• Network Masks
• Subnet Masks
• Host Address Ranges
Lesson 5

Topic 5B
Explain IPv4 Forwarding

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Layer 2 versus Layer 3 Addressing and Forwarding

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IPv4 Default Gateways

• Compare destination and source addresses
against mask
• Local delivery over Ethernet uses Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Remote delivery sent to the default gateway
for forwarding
• Configured as entry in host’s local routing table
• Host uses ARP to locate gateway host on local
network
• Default gateway is a router
• Routers hold paths to multiple networks
• Paths configured statically or learned using a
dynamic routing protocol
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Address Resolution Protocol

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Unicast and Broadcast Addressing

• Unicast packet directed to a single
destination IP address
• Broadcast packet directed to all
interfaces in the local IP network
• Layer 3 broadcast domain
• IP network broadcast address
• Delivered at layer 2 by broadcast MAC
• Map layer 3 broadcast domains to layer 2
broadcast domains
• Routers do not typically forward broadcasts
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Multicast and Anycast Addressing

• Multicast
• Hosts join a multicast group
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
• IPv4 multicast delivery uses special address ranges
• Delivery at layer 2
• Anycast
• Group of hosts configured with same IP address
• Router forwards to one node only based on
prioritization algorithm
• Used for load balancing and service failover
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Review Activity: IPv4 Forwarding
• Layer 2 versus Layer 3 Addressing and Forwarding
• IPv4 Default Gateways
• Address Resolution Protocol
• Unicast and Broadcast Addressing
• Multicast and Anycast Addressing
Lesson 5

Topic 5C
Configure IP Networks and Subnets

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Virtual LANs and Subnets

• Limit number of hosts within
broadcast domain to improve
performance
• Segments identified at layer 3 as
subnets
• Configure virtual LANs (VLANs) on
switches to map layer 3 broadcast
to layer 2
• Other uses for segmentation
• Represent WAN links
• Enforce security zones and
boundaries
• Isolate physical and data link layer
segments that use different
technologies
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Classful Addressing
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Public versus Private Addressing

• Public addresses routable over the Internet
• Governed by IANA and assigned by regional registries and ISPs
• Private address ranges not routable over the Internet
• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
• Hosts on the private network must use some mechanism to access the Internet
• Network address translation (NAT) or proxy servers
• Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
• 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255
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Other Reserved Address Ranges

• Class D multicast range
• 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255
• Class E experimental range
• 240.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255
• Loopback range
• 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
• Other
• 0.0.0.0/8 (address unknown)
• 100.64.0.0/10, 192.0.0.0/24, 192.88.99.0/24, 198.18.0.0/15 (special usage)
• 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, 203.0.113.0/24 (documentation and examples)
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IPv4 Address Scheme Design (Slide 1 of 2)

• Consider
• Whether you need a public or private addressing scheme
• How many networks and subnetworks you need
• How many hosts per subnet
• Addressing rules
• Network ID must be from valid range
• Network and/or host IDs cannot be all 1s or 0s
• Host ID must be unique in the subnet
• Network ID must be unique
• On the Internet (in a public addressing scheme)
•
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IPv4 Address Scheme Design (Slide 2 of 2)

• Calculate how many subnets are needed
• Round up to nearest power of 2
• Exponent (the value of n in 2n) is how many bits to add to the default network prefix
• Check subnets allow sufficient hosts (2n-2 where n is host bits)
• Calculate the subnets
• For the first subnet ID, deduct the least significant octet in the mask from 256
• For the next subnet ID, find the lowest subnet value higher than the previous one
• Calculate the host ranges for each subnet
• For the first host, add a binary 1 to the subnet address
• For the last host, deduct two binary digits from the next subnet’s ID
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Design an IP Subnet
• Virtual LANs and Subnets
• Classful Addressing
• Public versus Private Addressing
• Other Reserved Address Ranges
• IPv4 Address Scheme Design
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Design an IP Subnet
• At the 515 support branch office, you have been asked to implement an IP
network. Your network ID is currently 198.51.100.0/24. You need to divide this
in half (two subnets) to accommodate hosts on two separate floors of the
building, each of which is served by managed switches. The whole network is
served by a single router.
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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 5
Summary

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2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org