Theory of Control

Presented By
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE,BUBT
 Control System
Control System Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with designing, analyzing,
and implementing systems that control and regulate other systems or processes to achieve
desired outcomes.

It involves the use of control theory, mathematics, and engineering principles to create
systems that can manage variables, maintain stability, and optimize the performance of
complex systems.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Feedback Control
Feedback control involves using information about the current state of a system (the
"feedback") to make adjustments and maintain the system's desired or target state

• Example:
• Thermostat: Imagine a thermostat in your home. You set the desired temperature (e.g.,
72°F). The thermostat continuously measures the current temperature (feedback), and if
it's too hot or too cold, it adjusts the heating or cooling system to bring the temperature
back to the desired level. The feedback loop ensures that your home stays at the desired
temperature.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Feed Forward Control
Feed forward control is about predicting disturbances or changes in a system and
proactively taking action to prevent or minimize their impact, regardless of the
current state of the system.
Example:
• Car Cruise Control: When you set your car's cruise control to maintain a constant
speed (e.g., 60 mph), it's a feed forward control system. The car doesn't measure
the current speed (feedback) and then adjust the throttle; instead, it directly
sets the throttle to maintain the desired speed. This is based on the assumption
that the road conditions won't change significantly, and no feedback is needed.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Real time OS
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a specialized type of operating system
designed for systems and applications where time-critical operations and
predictable response times are essential. Unlike general-purpose operating
systems (like Windows or Linux), an RTOS is optimized to provide timely and
deterministic responses to external events.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Open Loop Control
Open-loop control, also known as open-loop system or non-feedback control, is a control
system in which the output (or the control action) is determined solely by the input
command or a predetermined setpoint. There is no mechanism to measure or correct
deviations in the output.

Characteristics:
• It doesn't use feedback from the system's output to make adjustments.
• It assumes that the system behaves predictably and that external disturbances are
negligible.
• Open-loop systems are simpler and often used in situations where precision or accuracy is
not critical.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Open Loop Control (Contd.)
Example:

A toaster is a simple example of an open-loop system. You set the timer for a certain
duration, and it operates for that specified time regardless of the actual state of the toast.
There's no feedback to adjust the toasting process based on how brown the toast is getting.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Closed Loop Control
Closed-loop control, also known as feedback control, is a control system that uses feedback
from the system's output to make continuous adjustments to the input or control action.
The goal is to maintain the system's output at or near a desired setpoint.

Characteristics:

• It involves sensors to measure the system's output or performance.

• Feedback information is compared with a reference (setpoint), and the controller adjusts
the input to minimize any error between the setpoint and the actual output.
• Closed-loop systems are more accurate and robust in the face of disturbances.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Close Loop Control (Contd.)
Example:

A thermostat for a heating system is a classic example of a closed-loop control system. You
set the desired temperature, and sensors continuously measure the current temperature. If
the temperature deviates from the setpoint, the thermostat adjusts the heating (control
action) accordingly to bring it back to the desired level.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Optical Sensor
An optical sensor is a device that uses light-sensitive materials or technologies to detect and
measure physical properties or changes in the environment. Optical sensors are widely used
in various applications due to their sensitivity, precision, and ability to work in diverse
conditions.
• Photodetectors:
• Photodiodes: These sensors convert light into an electrical current. They are used in
light meters, barcode scanners, and optical communication devices like fiber optics.
• Phototransistors: Similar to photodiodes but with amplification, they are used in
proximity sensors, optical encoders, and automatic lighting systems.
• Light Sensors:
• Ambient Light Sensors: These sensors detect the level of ambient light and are
commonly used in smartphones to adjust screen brightness automatically.
• UV Sensors: Used in applications like monitoring UV exposure for skin protection and
in environmental monitoring systems.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Optical Sensor (Contd.)
Infrared (IR) Sensors:
• IR Proximity Sensors: Found in automatic faucets, hand dryers, and touchless
switches for controlling lights and appliances.
• IR Thermometers: Used in medical devices for non-contact temperature
measurements.

Biomedical Sensors:
• Pulse Oximeters: Utilized to measure oxygen saturation levels in blood.
• Glucose Sensors: Used by diabetics to monitor blood glucose levels.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Magnetic Sensor
Magnetic sensors are devices that can detect, measure, and respond to magnetic
fields. These sensors are used in various applications to sense and monitor the
presence, strength, and direction of magnetic fields.
Application:
• Proximity Detection: Hall effect sensors are used for detecting the proximity of magnets,
which is useful in applications like door and lid position sensing in laptops and
smartphones.
• Current Sensing: They are employed in electronic circuits to measure electric current,
such as in motor control and overcurrent protection.
• Magnetic Encoder: Used for precise angular or linear position measurement in robotics,
automotive applications, and industrial machinery.
• Magnetic Compasses: Magnetoresistive sensors are used in electronic compasses for
navigation, both in consumer devices and in marine and aviation applications.
• Magnetic Field Mapping: They are used in scientific research to map magnetic fields,
such as in geophysical surveys. Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman
 Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit
of human hearing, typically in the ultrasonic range (20 kHz to several MHz), to measure
distances or detect objects.

• Obstacle Detection: Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in robotics, drones, and
autonomous vehicles for detecting obstacles and avoiding collisions. They emit sound
waves and measure the time it takes for the waves to reflect back from nearby objects.
• Parking Assist Systems: In automotive applications, ultrasonic sensors assist drivers in
parking by detecting nearby objects and providing proximity alerts.
• Industrial Automation: Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the presence of objects on
conveyor belts and in manufacturing processes. They can also measure the thickness of
materials in production lines.
• Retail and Security: These sensors are used in anti-shoplifting systems and presence
detection for automatic doors.
Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman
 Ultrasonic Sensor (Contd.)
• Smartphones: Ultrasonic proximity sensors are found in smartphones to detect when a
user's face is close to the screen during a call, allowing the device to turn off the
touchscreen to prevent unintended inputs.
• Touchless User Interfaces: Ultrasonic sensors enable touchless control of devices and
appliances, such as faucets and soap dispensers.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Ultrasonic Sensor (Contd.)
• Smartphones: Ultrasonic proximity sensors are found in smartphones to detect when a
user's face is close to the screen during a call, allowing the device to turn off the
touchscreen to prevent unintended inputs.
• Touchless User Interfaces: Ultrasonic sensors enable touchless control of devices and
appliances, such as faucets and soap dispensers.

Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman

 Acceleration Sensor
Accelerometers measure linear acceleration, which is the rate of change of velocity with
respect to time. They detect how fast an object is accelerating or decelerating in a straight
line.
• Smartphones: Accelerometers are used to detect screen orientation changes (portrait to
landscape), enable motion-controlled gaming, and trigger fall detection or screen
rotation.
• Automotive: In vehicles, accelerometers are used for airbag deployment, stability
control systems (ESP), and detecting sudden deceleration (crash detection).
• Fitness Trackers: Accelerometers are used to monitor physical activity, including step
counting and sleep tracking.
• Industrial Machines: They help in monitoring vibrations and shocks to detect potential
machinery faults.
• Aerospace: Used in aircraft for navigation, collision avoidance, and flight control
systems.
Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman
 Gyro Sensor
Gyroscopes measure angular velocity, which is the rate of change of angular position
(rotation) with respect to time. They detect changes in orientation and rotation.
• Smartphones: Gyroscopes are used for detecting screen rotation, image stabilization in
cameras, and enabling augmented reality (AR) applications.
• Aerospace: Gyroscopes are critical components in aircraft navigation systems, helping to
determine orientation and maintain stability during flight.
• Robotics: They are used for precise control of robot movements and for navigation in
autonomous robots.
• Gaming Controllers: Gyroscopes enhance motion control in gaming consoles and
handheld devices.
• Vehicle Stability Control: Gyroscopes contribute to the stability control of vehicles,
particularly in high-performance cars.
• Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets: Gyroscopes play a key role in tracking head movements to
provide immersive VR experiences.
Presented by: Md. Ashiqur Rahman