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Hard Micro Programed

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43 views

Hard Micro Programed

Uploaded by

souravmittal2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT II

Introduction to
x86 architecture
Hardwired vs. Micro-
programmed Computers
Hardwired vs. Micro-programmed Computers:
• It should be mentioned that most computers today are micro-
programmed.
• The reason is basically one of flexibility.
• Once the control unit of a hard-wired computer is designed and built,
it is virtually impossible to alter its architecture and instruction set.
• In the case of a micro-programmed computer, however, we can change
the computer's instruction set simply by altering the microprogram
stored in its control memory.
• In fact, taking our basic computer as an example, we notice that its
four-bit op-code permits up to 16 instructions. Therefore, we could
add seven more instructions to the instruction set by simply expanding
its microprogram. To do this with the hard-wired version of our
computer would require a complete redesign of the controller circuit
hardware.
Hardwired vs. Micro-
programmed Computers
Hardwired Control Unit Microprogrammed Control Unit

Micrprogrammed control unit generates the control signals


Hardwired control unit generates the control signals
with the help of micro instructions stored in control
needed for the processor using logic circuits
memory

Hardwired control unit is faster when compared to


This is slower than the other as micro instructions are used
microprogrammed control unit as the required control
for generating signals here
signals are generated with the help of hardwares

Difficult to modify as the control signals that need to be Easy to modify as the modification need to be done only
generated are hard wired at the instruction level

More costlier as everything has to be realized in terms of Less costlier than hardwired control as only micro
logic gates instructions are used for generating control signals

It cannot handle complex instructions as the circuit design


It can handle complex instructions
for it becomes complex

Only limited number of instructions are used due to the


Control signals for many instructions can be generated
hardware implementation

Used in computer that makes use of Reduced Instruction Used in computer that makes use of Complex Instruction
Set Computers(RISC) Set Computers(CISC)
Hardwired vs. Micro-
programmed Computers
Advantages & Disadvantages of Hardwired Control Unit
• Advantages of Hardwired Control Unit :
1. Because of the use of combinational circuits to generate signals, Hardwired Control
Unit is fast.
2. It depends on number of gates, how much delay can occur in generation of control
signals.
3. It can be optimized to produce the fast mode of operation.
4. Faster than micro- programmed control unit.
• Disadvantages of Hardwired Control Unit :
1. The complexity of the design increases as we require more control signals to be
generated (need of more encoders & decoders)
2. Modifications in the control signals are very difficult because it requires rearranging
of wires in the hardware circuit.
3. Adding a new feature is difficult & complex.
4. Difficult to test & correct mistakes in the original design.
5. It is Expensive.

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