TOUISM POLICY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

LEVELS OF TOURISM
POLICY PLANNING
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES:

•To provide a basic introduction to tourism policy

•To outline the different levels of tourism planning

•To cite and discuss some examples of Barriers in Tourism Policy

Planning
 What is the need for Tourism Planning?
For the expansion of the sector important to plan tourism activities for the following reasons:
• It is necessary to plan tourism activities on different levels and in various manners to promote tourism and boost the
economy.
• To provide quality to both tourists and residents.
• It involves making major decisions which cannot be taken spontaneously.

Benefits of Tourism Planning

• It boosts revenue and employment thanks to tourist spending.

• It safeguards cultural and natural assets so that visitors can enjoy them.
• It broadens the comprehension of cultural diversity
• It constructs new infrastructure, such as sewage systems, roads, etc., for the community.
Formulating an approach to tourism policy and planning:
Six Golden Standards according to Inskeep 1991

1. Goal Oriented: Tourism Planning should be oriented to achieve broad national and community goals.
2. Integrative: Integrating tourist policy and planning into the economy, land use and infrastructure, conservation, and
environmental planning.
3. Market Driven: Planning for successful tourism growth in a cutthroat international market.
4. Resource Driven: Developing tourism thatLorem
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6. Systematic: utilizing primary or secondary information to support planners conceptually or predictably, incorporating
knowledge from other tourist locations
 Levels of Tourism Planning

Planning and policy for the tourism industry occur at several levels. This can be done in a top-down approach, with international or national
bodies, or a bottom-up approach from a local level.

1. International Tourism Planning: Tourism planning at the international level typically involves international transportation services, the movement and scheduling of tourist tours
between different countries, the development of significant tourist attractions and facilities in neighboring countries, as well as the working strategies and promotional programs of
many nations.
2. National Tourism Planning: Tourism policy, infrastructural facilities, and a physical structure plan, which includes significant tourist attractions, chosen tourism development
regions, international entrance points, facilities, and services, are all addressed at the national level of tourism planning. Additionally, it is concerned with the quantity, types, and
quality of lodging and other essential tourist facilities and services; the country's major travel routes and their regional connections; tourism organization
rights, laws, and investment policies; marketing and promotion strategies for the industry; education and training initiatives; and environmental, economic, and sociocultural
analysis.
3. Regional Tourism Planning: Regional planning considers factors such as regional policy, regional entrance points, transportation facilities, and services; the types and locations of
tourism attractions; the quantity, varieties, and places of lodging and other tourist facilities and services; and the sites of tourist development regions, such as resort areas.
They will also oversee sociocultural, environmental, economic, and impact analyses, regional education and training programmes, marketing strategies, investment policies,
organizational structures, legal frameworks, and implementation strategies, including project plans and zoning ordinances.
4. Local Tourism Planning: Participants at the local level will think about the analyses, outputs, outcomes, and assessment of tourism planning at the ground level.
 Types of Tourism Planning
Before creating a comprehensive plan to market the destination, the following types of tourism planning are taken into
account:
Spatial Tourism Planning: Spatial tourism planning attempts to thoroughly process social, environmental, and economic change to bring about certain ends. Drawing plans,
maps or diagrams are put together to decide where socio-spatial activities can occur.
Sectoral Tourism Planning: In this kind of planning, the regions are divided into sections, and each section is called a sector. It concentrates on a manageable area and takes into
account the specific infrastructure, land use, transportation, and environmental requirements of that region. Depending on the nature of the products or services provided,
economic, social, and administrative activities are grouped into sectors.
Complex Tourism Planning: When various regions are considered for the purpose of tourism planning, it is known as complex tourism planning. These regions are to be
developed comprehensively because of the significant interest shown by international tourists. There is a possibility that these regions are located far away from one another.
Integrated Tourism Planning: Integrated tourism refers to making tourism the primary industry in a given area by systematically and comprehensively promoting all available
economic, social, and tourism resources.
Sustainable Tourism Planning: Sustainable tourism planning involves striking the correct balance between the requirements of people and the environment. It entails stating the
community's mission, vision, and unique selling point or identity in clear terms. With the help of this type of destination planning in our local communities, we are better
equipped to plan for the long term, and respond to changing target markets, trends, and emergencies like the Covid-19 outbreak. Additionally, it guarantees that resources are
allocated properly while ethically and sustainably establishing local communities. This method of tourism planning benefits people and places in positive ways on all fronts—
socially, economically, culturally, and environmentally—puts sustainability at its core.
Centralized Tourism Planning: Centralized tourism planning is done by a single authority, usually the state or central government.
Decentralized Tourism Planning: Organizations are interested in developing tourist spots and planning the various activities visitors can enjoy. (Joint Venture).
The importance of Tourism Planning
it promotes a destination's long-term viability and encourages cooperation among important stakeholders.

features of tourism planning

• anticipation,
• regulation and
• monitoring

the barriers to tourism planning

• financial constraints,
• a lack of knowledge,
• insufficient amount of time,
• other issues have prevented local governments from incorporating tourism into their development plans.
 Barriers in Tourism Planning Hunt (2005)
• A lack of community participation in development policy.

• A lack of knowledge and awareness.

• Power imbalances between governments and local communities.

• Segmented and complex institutional arrangements.

• Lack of financial resource.

• Lack of power as a component of community development.

• Inadequate focus on human resource development at the community level.

• Lack of information to facilitate informed decisions.

• Lack of authority for communities to control important matters.

• Lack of effective and strong governance institutions.

• Dependency on government and bureaucracy to meet needs.

• Lack of capacity to solve problems

 01 Economic Factors

Factors of Barriers
02 Physical and Natural Resources
in Tourism
Planning
03 Community and Influence

04 Government Structuring
 Economic Factors
• Arm Twisting is the foremost barrier in tourism planning activity in this case the Advisors of Indigenous country protects their people to
cross the any tourism activity as these advisors have researched their internal conditions in terms of politics, urgency and climate.

• Crime: In this case the tourism activities are highly hampered as the people/ tourists get afraid of being the plunged into crime related
activities, molestation, assault and so on.

• Lust for earning has also been a major cause of barrier for tourism planning as people moving to urban areas neglecting their regional
employment services and their regional tourism development. Hence becoming the major backdrop for the tourism planning policy.
Physical and Natural Resources
• Having an influx of individuals visiting the community as tourists may cause a strain on the overall natural resources and conservation of
the environment. For example, if a community located in the Amazon rain forests wants to increase the number of tourists in the area it may
experience some damage to the natural wildlife inhabiting the rain forests.

• Resources must also be in place to protect certain wildlife parks and other natural resources, which may require further revenue

• Communities may assume that tourism will boost their economy, create more jobs and cause the inhabitants to further develop their
communities and areas. Unfortunately, some barriers can include the maximization of income.

• Maximizing income means that there are only enough resources available to equip a certain amount of tourists, which can place a cap on
the income the community can make. The community must also consider the locations and activities they make available to their tourists to
motivate them to visit again and again.
 Community and Influence
1. Nature of politics: A large part of the population lacks political literacy and fails to understand how political processes work. Additionally there is a tendency to voice opinions at
public meetings or by attending public sector led events, but a reluctance to become actively involved.
2. Perception and nature of tourism: Concern about the impacts of tourism, coupled with a failure to understand the industry and its relationship with the local economy means
communities are not engaged in a long-term view and do not acknowledge that management rather than prevention is needed.
3. History of involvement in tourism: Where communities have played a strong role, or form part of the historical commodity on view, they tend to be more tolerant and accepting.
Examples include re-enactment societies, local festivals and events.
4. Attitudes of media: When all is good media plays a key role in promoting tourism, selling positive stories and strengthening reputation. It is effective at raising support for charities
and events in the sector. However, one negative feature about new developments or negative research damages the reputation of the sector.
5. Apathy amongst citizens: Communities often feel there is little they can do to change a situation so are reluctant to become involved in local politics or projects.
6. Cost in relation to time and money: Successful participation requires time, energy, commitment and maybe even money. This is often an underpinning factor in apathy.
7. Decision making takes longer with community involvement: Sometimes it can take longer to make a decision, but this is primarily a perception which exists because of beliefs about
planning processes and political systems, again leading to apathy and a failure to understand politics.
8. Ensuring fair opportunities for representation from the whole community: This is hard to achieve for any organization, be it public, private or voluntary sector.
9. Lack of understanding of complex planning issues and processes: Many people don’t understand what decision makers do. They tend to refer to them with terms such as ‘the Council’
and ‘them in their ivory towers’ and are unwilling to participate except to oppose change.
 Government Structuring
• Government is the key player in tourism development and a great contributor to tourism in developing countries. As already discussed tourism is an
economical enhancer and ultimately contributes to the govt. in the development of destination directly or indirectly, there lies the need for tourism promotion
and planning policies to be implemented at the local, regional and national levels as well.
• There must be a government infrastructure set up to ensure that tourists feel safe and protected, as well as to provide for the allocation of funds to prepare for
and maintain tourists. There is also the pressure from supra-national forces, which is defined as a mixture of countries that have agreed to come together for
policymaking, assistance and possibly developing tourist planning in certain areas.
• Supra-national or international forces may suggest tourists not to visit the community that wants to plan a tourism, as it may stagnate their goals. Violent
conflicts and lack of political stability will be a constant problem in Sea in tourism in future years.
• A lot of conflicts full of violence has occurred among or between countries and it is probable that it will occur again although the details of the way of doing
this will fluctuate from one situation to another.
• Lack of effective political organization will cause public discontentment to change to extra-law forms. In addition, internal conflict and the potential failure
and inability of the government, which has resulted from the substitution crisis, will happen in all developing countries in future years.
• The incongruity existing between different tribes which are a necessary but insufficient condition for creating a violent conflict has become common in all
countries of this region. Therefore, it is probable that weak organizations having weak bureaucracy and limited central control cooperate with other
discontented groups and create a barrier for stability and development of the region.
Barriers to Tourism
Development and Possible
Resolution

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