TERM 1 & 2 REVISION
EXAMINATION TIPS
LIFE SCIENCES
PRESENTER : Mr KHOZA PM
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
SCIENTIFIC SKILLS DURING
PRACTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
“Let’s Grow North West Together”
RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
• Endocrine system (Use of hormones)
• Nervous system (Use of neurons)
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RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
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Responding To The Environment
PROTECTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The brain is protected by the CRANIUM in the skull
• The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column
• Both the brain & spinal cord are protected by meninges
• Both the brain & spinal cord are protected by the fluid
called cerebrospinal fluid
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Responding To The Environment
The Brain
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Responding To The Environment
Structure & Functions of the brain
HIV
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Responding To The Environment
Disorders of the central nervous system
DISORDER SYMPTOMS
• Alzheimer (The brain) : Memory
loss &
confusion
• Multiple Sclerosis (The Myelin sheath): Loss of muscle
control & coordination
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Responding To The Environment
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Responding To The Environment
THE HUMAN EYE-EXAM GUIDELINE
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN EYE
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EYE
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Responding To The Environment
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE HUMAN EYE &
THEIR ADAPTABILITY
• Cornea : Refracts light rays (Convex shape)
: Allows light to pass through (Transparent)
• Lens : Refracts light rays (Convex shape)
: Allows light to pass through (Transparent)
: Changes shape to allow the eye to focus on near and
far objects (Elastic)
• Sclera : Protects the inner structures of the eye (Tough)
: Maintains the shape of the eye (Inelastic/Rigid)
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Responding To The Environment
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE HUMAN EYE
• Iris : Controls the amount of light entering the eye ( Has muscles)
• Choroid: Absorb light rays ( Dark in colour)
: Supplies nutrients & oxygen to the retina cells (Contains
blood vessels)
• Retina : Receives & converts light rays into nerve impulses (Contains
photoreceptors : rods & cones)
• Yellow spot : Area of clearest vision ( Has receptors)
• Dark spot : Area of no vision (No receptors)
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE QUESTIONS
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS & ADAPTABILITY QUESTIONS
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE QUESTIONS
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Responding To The Environment
ACCOMODATION & PUPILLARY MECHANISM
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Responding To The Environment
ACCOMODATION QUESTIONS
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Responding To The Environment
ACCOMODATION DESCRIPTION
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Responding To The Environment
ACCOMODATION DESCRIPTION QUESTION
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Responding To The Environment
PUPILLARY MECHANISM
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Responding To The Environment
PUPILLARY MECHANISM
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Responding To The Environment
PUPILLARY MECHANISM SHORT CUT
BRIGHT LIGHT DIM LIGHT
CiCoRaRePuCo CiReRaCoPuDi
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Responding To The Environment
THE EAR - EXAM GUIDELINE
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EAR
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Responding To The Environment
STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR
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Responding To The Environment
HEARING PROCESS
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Responding To The Environment
HEARING PROCESS
• Ear parts that are involved in the hearing process…
– Pinna : Traps & Directs sound waves to AUDITORY CANAL
– Auditory canal : Transmits sound waves to TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
– Tympanic membrane : Vibrates & converts sound waves into Sound
vibrations
– Ossicles : Vibrates & Amplifies sound vibrations
– Oval window : Converts vibrations into PRESSURE WAVES
– Cochlea : Converts PRESSURE WAVES into IMPULSES by Organ of corti
– Auditory nerve : Transmits IMPULSES to the Cerebrum
– Cerebrum : Interprets sensations
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Responding To The Environment
DESCRIPTION OF BALANCE MAINTANANCE
CHANGE IN POSITION CHANGE IN SPEED & DIRECTION
(SUMP) (SemiC-Speed)
Change in position of the head Change in speed & direction of the movement
Stimulates the Maculae in the Stimulates the Cristae in the
Sacculus & Utriculus Semi Circular canal
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Responding To The Environment
DESCRIPTION OF BALANCE MAINTANANCE
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Responding To The Environment
EAR DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENTS
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Responding To The Environment
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Male Reproductive System with functions
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SOMETHING FOR YOU TO DO
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
TESTES
– FUNCTIONS
• Produces hormone testosterone
• Produces sperm cells through meiosis
– TEMPERATURE
• Testes should be 2 Degrees Celsius below 37 Degrees
Celsius for a healthy sperm production
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SOMETHING FOR YOU TO DO
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SOMETHING FOR YOU TO DO
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ACCESSORY GLANDS (FORMATION OF
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SEMEN)
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
ACCESSORY GLANDS
– Labelling & Functions
ALKALINE FLUID : Neutralizes acid on the vagina
Prostate gland
NUTRIENT RICH : Provides energy for movement
Cowper’s gland
Seminal vesicle MUCUS : Allows swimming of the sperm
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SOMETHING FOR YOU TO DO
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Vas Deferens
– FUNCTIONS
• Transports sperms from the epididymis to the urethra
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
VASECTOMY
• Definition : Cutting of 1 or 2 male’s vas deferens
• Consequences : 1 cut
• Sperm cells will be transported only through 1 sperm duct
• Fertilization can take place
• Reproduction can take place
: 2 cut
• Sperm cells will NOT be transported
• No fertilization
• No reproduction
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SPERMATOGENESIS
• DEFINITION
The production of male gametes (Sperm cells) through meiosis
• DESCRIPTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
OOGENESIS
• DEFINITION
The production of female gametes (Ovum) from the ovary
• DESCRIPTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF THE SPERM CELL & THEIR FUNCTIONS
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
SPERM
– FERTILIZATION
Only the nucleus of the sperm cell enters the ovum
– ADAPTABILITY
Sperm cells has;
Mitochondria which provides energy for movement
Tail which allows swimming of the sperm
Acrosome which contains enzymes for digestion of
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
MENSTRUAL CYCLE HORMONES & THEIR ROLES
– Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
– Oestrogen
– Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
– Progesterone
Pituitary Gland Hormones Ovarian Hormones
(SECRETED BY PITUITARY GLAND) (SECRETED BY THE OVARY)
FSH (Develops Primary follicle into Graafian Follicle) Oestrogen (Thickens endometrium)
LH (Stimulates Ovulation) Progesterone (Thicken endometrium MORE)
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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QUESTION ON THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
QUESTION ANSWER COMMENT
2.3.1 Most candidates did not know which
Stimulates ovulation hormones were represented in the
Stimulates graph and therefore misinterpreted
development of corpus most of the questions. Candidates
luteum incorrectly identified Hormone B as
progesterone or oestrogen and referred
to the building of the endometrium
2.3.2 a) FSH / high Candidates incorrectly identified
concentration of A will hormone A (FSH) as progesterone
stimulate follicles to because of the reference to pills, which
develop have been asked in past papers.
Ova will be produced
/ released increasing Hormone B was correctly identified as
chances of pregnancy. LH, they failed to relate the monitoring
of the hormone to the planning of
2.3.2 b) A peak of pregnancy due to the release of an
ovum through ovulation. They related
hormone B/LH, the function to the formation of the
indicate that ovulation corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
is about to happen to prepare the endometrium. They
Therefore; an ovum will could not describe that the monitoring
be available for had to take place before ovulation
fertilisation instead of checking whether it had
already taken place.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF A ZYGOTE INTO A FOETUS
ZYGOTE – MORULA – BLASTOCYST – EMBRYO – FOETUS
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF A ZYGOTE INTO A FOETUS
ZYGOTE – MORULA – BLASTOCYST – EMBRYO – FOETUS
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
GESTATION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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Responding To The Environment
Interpretation & uses of DNA profiles
• Two types of DNA profiles
Paternity DNA profile : Used to identify the biological father
Crime scene DNA profile : Used to identify suspects in a crime
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Responding To The Environment
DNA PROFILING USES
Paternity testing (NOT ‘finding the father’)
Identifying relatives (NOT ‘finding relatives’)
Identifying dead bodies (NOT ‘find dead bodies’)
Identifying genetic disorders
Identifying suspects in crime (NOT ‘find the criminals’ or ‘solving
crimes’)
Identifying matching tissues for organ transplant
Tracing missing persons (NOT ‘tracking missing persons’)
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QUESTION ON DNA PROFILING USE TO
DETERMINE PATERNITY
QUESTION ANSWER COMMENT
2.5.1 Heila Well answered
Leo
2.5.2 Candidates did not
- ALL of the DNA bands/bars mention that ‘all of the
from Heila and Leo bands match bands of
- Match with the DNA bands of both parents
the mother and father/both Not accepted: DNA
‘lines /
parents. profiles/barcodes’
2.5.3 Poor performance
- Tracing missing persons Not accepted:
- Identify genetic disorders ‘Tracking’ of missing
- ID suspects in a crime persons. DNA profiling
- Matching tissues for is used to ‘find
criminals’.
transplants ‘Finding relatives’ or
- Identify dead persons ‘solving crimes’ were
- Identify siblings separated at not credited.
birth
Responding To The Environment
DNA PROFILING INTERPRETATION
2.5.1 Heila NOT DNA
Leo LINES/PROFILE/BARCODES
2.5.2
- ALL of the DNA bands/bars from Heila and
Leo
- Match with the DNA bands of the mother
and father/both parents.
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DNA : CODE OF LIFE
• DNA replication vs Transcription (differences)
• Comparison between DNA vs RNA against DNA nucleotide
vs RNA nucleotide
• Protein synthesis : Translation site (Cytoplasm) & organelle
(Ribosome)
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QUESTION ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS
QUESTION ANSWER COMMENT
2.2.1 Gene mutation Not accepted: Genetic
mutation / chromosome
mutation/point shift
mutation
2.2.2 There is a change Also accepted:
in the sequence of C changes to U in the 4th
nitrogenous bases form codon.
CCG to CUG. a) Many candidates wrote
6 or 7, not coding the
2.2.3 (a) 5 / Five original sequence. They
counted proline twice.
2.2.3 (b) UAU b) Many candidates wrote
AUA, not coding to tRNA
anticodon correctly.
2.2.3 (c)
c) Candidates did not specify the codon that is
mutated and did not mention the amino acids by
name.
QUESTIONS ON MONOHYBRID CROSS
ALLELES GENOTYPE CONDITION PHENOTYPE
H HH Homozygous Rough Hair
h hh Homozygous Smooth Hair
Hh Heterozygous Rough Hair
ALLELES GENOTYPE CONDITION PHENOTYPE
R RR Homozygous Red flowering plant
W WW Homozygous White flowering plant
RW Heterozygous Pink flowering plant
QUESTION ON GENETIC CROSS INVOLVING SEX-
LINKED DISORDERS
QUESTION ANSWER
2.6.1
ANSWER 2.6.2 COMMENTS
White teeth is recessive! Candidates explained inheritance of
brown teeth, which is incorrect.
In the F1 generation; the phenotype must be complete.
Candidates were not credited when answering:
“ 1 with brown teeth : 1 with white teeth”
Candidates gave their own genetic notation: X D and not using the
given notations.
Candidates lost marks when answering: “2 females with brown
teeth and 2 males with white teeth” without simplifying it to 1:1
Some candidates did not use gender notation and used: BB x bb
QUESTION ON GENETIC CROSS INVOLVING SEX-
LINKED DISORDERS
ALLELES GENOTYPE CONDITION PHENOTYP
X XX
X XX
X XX
QUESTIONS ON DIHYBRID CROSS AND BLOOD
GROUPING
QUESTION ANSWER COMMENT
1.6.1 Dihybrid cross Well answered.
1.6.2 Candidates were not credited when
(a) Brownfur, long ears writing “brown and long” only.
(b) Bbee Both phenotypes must be
mentioned in dihybrid crosses.
(c) Be be
Candidates confuse the genotype
of individual with genotype of a
gamete. There should be spaces
between the two genotypes of
gametes
2.4.1 954 000 Some candidates could not do the
2.4.2 1 800 000 – calculation correctly.
(954 000+180 000+ 54000)= Candidates wrote genes instead of
alleles. They answered: “The child
612 000 inherited blood group A from
2.4.3 The allele for blood mother and blood group B from
group A/IA is inherited from father, not credited.
one parent and the allele It should be the allele inherited the
for blood group B/IB is allele …..
inherited from the other
parent, therefore the child Always use alleles when explaining
has blood group AB/IAIB blood groups.
QUESTIONS ON DIHYBRID CROSS AND BLOOD
GROUPING
MEIOSIS
• Down syndrome(Disorder) vs Non-disjunction (process that
causes down syndrome)
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MEIOSIS
• Gonosomes vs Autosomes
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MEIOSIS
• Centromere vs Centriole/Centrosome
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“Let’s Grow North West Together”
THANK YOU
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