Ethernet technology

• The term Ethernet refers to the family of local-area network

(LAN) products covered by the IEEE 802.3 standard that
defines what is commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.
• Three data rates are currently defined for operation over
optical fiber and twisted-pair cables:
• 10 Mbps—10Base-T Ethernet
• 100 Mbps—Fast Ethernet
• 1000 Mbps—Gigabit Ethernet
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet is under development and will likely be
published as the IEEE 802.3ae supplement
• to the IEEE 802.3 base standard in late 2001 or early 2002.
• Ethernet has survived as the major LAN technology (it is
currently used for approximately 85 percent of the world’s
LAN-connected PCs and workstations) because its protocol
has the following characteristics:
• Is easy to understand, implement, manage, and maintain
• Allows low-cost network implementations
• Provides extensive topological flexibility for network
installation
• Guarantees successful interconnection and operation of
standards-compliant products, regardless of manufacture
 history
• The original Ethernet was developed as an experimental
coaxial cable network in the 1970s by Xerox
• Corporation to operate with a data rate of 3 Mbps using a
carrier sense multiple access collision detect
• (CSMA/CD) protocol for LANs with sporadic but occasionally
heavy traffic requirements. Success with
• that project attracted early attention and led to the 1980
joint development of the 10-Mbps Ethernet
• Version 1.0 specification by the three-company consortium:
Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel
• Corporation, and Xerox Corporation
• The original IEEE 802.3 standard was based
on, and was very similar to, the Ethernet
Version 1.0
• specification. The draft standard was approved
by the 802.3 working group in 1983 and was
subsequently published as an official standard
in 1985 (ANSI/IEEE Std. 802.3-1985)
• Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media.
The network nodes fall into two major classes
• Data terminal equipment (DTE)
—Devices that are either the source or the destination of data frames.
DTEs are typically devices such as PCs, workstations, file servers, or
print servers that, as a group, are all often referred to as end
stations.

• Data communication equipment (DCE)

—Intermediate network devices that receive and forward frames across
the network. DCEs may be either standalone devices such as
repeaters, network switches, and routers, or communications
interface units such as interface cards and modems.
 implementation
• The original Ethernet networks were implemented with a
coaxial bus structure Segment lengths were limited to 500
meters, and up to 100 stations could be connected to a
single segment.
• Individual segments could be interconnected with
repeaters, as long as multiple paths did not exist between
any two stations on the network and the number of DTEs
did not exceed 1024.
• The total path distance between the most-distant pair of
stations was also not allowed to exceed a maximum
prescribed value
ethernet
Thinethernet (10base2)
 Thin-wire ethernet(10 base 2)
• The name 10BASE2 is derived from several
characteristics of the physical medium. The 10
comes from the maximum transmission speed of
10 Mbit/s (millions of bits per second). The BASE
stands for baseband signaling, and the 2
supposedly refers to the maximum segment length
of 200 meters, though in practical use it can only
run up to 185 meters. (The IEEE rounded 185 up to
200 to come up with the name 10BASE2, for
consistency with the general standard).
• The media system that made Ethernet popular (1985).

• Physical medium:
* Thin coaxial cable (black).
• * BNC connectors and 50 ohm terminators.

• Signaling components:
* Host interface with built-in transceiver.
* Optional: external transceiver and AUI transceiver cable.

• Transmission speed: 10 Mbps

Twisted pair ethernet
• 10BASET {1990} Most popular
• 10 Mbps
• 100 meter segment length
• Signal-regenerating repeaters
• Transceiver integrated onto adapter
• Two pairs of UTP
• Hub-and-spoke topology {Hub in the closet}
• Advantages:
• could be done without pulling new wires.
• Each hub amplifies and restores incoming signal.
• Separate transmit and receive pair of wires.
• •The repeater in the hub retransmits the
signal received from any input pair onto ALL
output pairs.
• Essentially the hub emulates a broadcast
channel with collisions detected by receiving
nodes.
Twisted pair ethernet
Shielded versus unshielded network cables

• Lately, debate has arisen on the advantages and

disadvantages of shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables and
• unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables. Though STP cables
and UTP cables are inherently different in design
and manufacture, their purpose should be the same, which
is to provide reliable connectivity of electronic equipment.
. different types of shielded or screened cables (FTP, S/FTP,
SF/UTP) to be addressed as Shielded Twisted Pair Cable or
STP
• STP cables have additional shielding material that is
used to reduce external interference. The shield also
• reduces the emission at any point in the path of the
cable. UTP cables provide much less protection
• against such interference and the performance is
often degraded when interferences or disturbances
are
• present. Both types of cables, however, have some
protection to interference due to the twisted pair
• design of the conductors.
• The drawback of STP cables is that they will
increase the total cost of an installation. STP
cables are more
• expensive due to the shielding, which is an
additional material that goes into every meter
of the cable.
• The shielding also makes the cable heavier
and stiffer. Thus, it is more difficult to handle
 Ethernet capacity
• All Ethernet designs are same
• Transmission of data at10 million bits per sec
• Same speed for exchange of data
• Speed depends on measure of total capacity
of the traffic
• 1970’s ethernet standardized 10 mbps
sufficient for manage heavy loads because of
cpu and n/w interface h/w
• Mid of 1990’s cpu speed increased with use of
n/ws but it is not sufficient to manage entire
network especially larger distance so it
becomes bottlenect
 Fast ethernet
• To overcome bottleneck problem, fast Ethernet
developed to manage all the requirements in the n/w
• It use 100baseT – means receive 100mbps
• It use 5 twisted pair wiring like 10baseT
• Speed of computers increase with 100 mbps
• This standard did not change other parts of Ethernet
standard
• It maintain max packet size, optimize traffic and allow
more satiations to communicate.