NUR INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED TO Dr NAJMA NAJAM
SUBMITTED BY AMMARA SIDDIQUI
SABA ZAHID
COURSE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
PROGRAM MSCP 2
• Research the drugs being prescribed at the psychiatrists
public and private clinic. Collect individually, then collate
and summarize:
• Rationale
• Dosage
• Symptoms
• Gender
• Regional representation
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on the
nervous system and (of course) on behavior.
Drug:
Drugs are substances that change a person’s mental or physical state.
They can affect the way your brain works, how you feel and behave,
your understanding and your senses.
Prescription No 1
Region : Islamabad Patient Gender : female
Hospital: Private Age : 60
Practitioner : Psychiatrist, MPH, MBBS, FRSH Duration : 2 months
OLANZIA 5MG
GENERIC NAME Olanzapine
DRUG PATHOLOGY Atypical anti psychotics, regulate mood, behaviour, thoughts, re balance serotonin,
dopamine. It is used to treat Bipolar Disorder, OCD, Schizophrenia.
CLIENT SYMPTOMS Obsessions and compulsive thoughts of impurity, anxiety, trouble sleep.
DOSAGE One before sleep.
RATIONALE Olanzapine rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and
behavior. it is right for inhibiting intrusive, repititive thoughts and behaviour.
Dose : In range, on right time before sleep because of sedative properties.
duration: 2 months
Suitability for clinical needs: Off label drug for OCD, but was effective for patient.
PEXNEW
10MG
GENERIC NAME Escitalopram
DRUG PATHOLOGY SSRIs class of anti depressant. It is used to treat anxiety, depression
CLIENT SYMPTOMS Obsessions and compulsive thoughts of impurity, anxiety, trouble sleep.
DOSAGE Before sleep
RATIONALE It works by helping to restore the balance of a certain natural substance (serotonin) in the
brain.It may improve your energy level and feelings of well-being and decrease nervousness.
Dosage: It is related to SSRIs so preferable to used before sleep, initial dosage is 10 mg.
Duration: 2 month
Suitability for clinical needs: it can be used for OCD. but discontinue by client.
GINBEX 120
ML
GENERIC NAME
DRUG PATHOLOGY Improve brain function.
CLIENT SYMPTOMS Same prescription
DOSAGE two times a day
RATIONALE selection: It is just used for brain health.
Dosages: two times a day
Duration: 2 months
Suitability of clinical needs: It may be effective, but patient did not continue her treatment.
PRESCRIPTION 2
Region : Lahore Patient : female
Settingl: Private Age : 64
Practitioner: MBBS, MCPS, Psychiatrist Duration : Continue
NEOLEPRA F 3/25 OR Co DEPRICAP 3/25
GENERIC NAME Fluoxetine, Olanzapine HCL
DRUG PATHOLOGY Combination of two drugs SSRIs and Atypical Antipsychotics.
CLIENT SYMPTOMS Continuously washing hands, low appetite, low communication, anxiety, sleep with medicine.
DOSAGE One capsule before sleep (1 week), After 1 week 2 capsule before sleep.
RATIONALE It is active drug and show 50 to 65 % effectiveness in treatment. increasing the activity of
certain chemicals called serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain.
Dosage: right dosage , use before sleep
Duration: treatment is continue
Suitability of clinical need: It is quite effective for patient.
Busron 5mg
GENERIC NAME Buspiron
DRUG PATHOLOGY It is Related to Azapirone class of drug. It has anxiolytic activity . It help in thinking clearly, worrying
less, effective in irritable sleep. it is best for less severe anxiety.
CLIENT Same
SYMPTOMS
DOSAGE One tablet in morning, One tablet at night
RATIONALE This drug improve the quality of sleep for those experiencing anxiety without having hypnotic or
sedative effects. It is suppressing serotonergic activity while enhancing dopaminergic and
noradrenergic cell firing.
Dosage: this drug is used with gradual increase of dosage, and according to disorder and initial
dosage is 5 mg.
Duration: Treatment is continue
Suitability of clinical need: This drug is first line drug for anxiety and reducing thoughts. so here it is
helpful in reducing thoughts of patients.
Prescription 3
Region : Lahore Age : 50 year
Hospital: Government Hospital Gender : Male
Practitioner : MBBS, Psychiatrist Duration : 1 year
Lepinza 5mg
GENERIC NAME Olanzapine
DRUG PATHOLOGY Atypical Anti Psychotic. For treatment of neurological disorder like Schizophrenia, Bipolar
disorder. Prescribed as mood elevator and help reduce hallucinations. regulate mood,
behaviour, thoughts, re balance serotonin, dopamine.
CLIENT SYMPTOM Depressed mood, irritable, low appetite, low energy
DOSAGE 2 times day
RATIONALE It is used to treat dpression with other medication. Olanzapine rebalances dopamine and
serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior. it is right for inhibiting intrusive,
repititive thoughts and behaviour.
Dosage: Initial dosage should be 10mg/daily, so dosage according to demand.
Duration: 1 year
Suitability for clinical needs: medicine effective for client.
Lexotanil 3mg
GENERIC NAME bromazepam
DRUG It is benzodiazepines class of anxiolytic drug.
PATHOLOGY
DOSAGE One time before sleep
RATIONALE It is short actiong drug with intermediate onset. Lexotanil binds to the GABA receptor GABA, causing
a conformational change and increasing inhibitory effects of GABA.
Dosages: initial dosage is 3 - 18 mg/day. Dr used right amount of dosage.
Suitability of clinical needs needs: It is effective but it cannot be used for long term because of habit
formation.
Psychotherapy : So here psychiatrist used CBT as psychotherapy with drug therapy. Before Psyhiatrist checkup
Psychologist take history and told some breathing and relaxation exercises for emotional relief.
SEROXAT CR 12.5
MG
GENERIC NAME Paraxetine HCL
DRUG PATHOLOGY SSRIs Antidepressant,Prescribed for GAD, MDD, panic attack, premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
social phobia.
DOSAGE In start two times a day , then gradually shift on one dose.
RATIONALE It is block the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and thus increase the concentration of
synaptic serotonin.
Dosage: start dosage 25 mg daily, so Psychiatrist right dosage for patient
Suitability for clinical needs: medication effective for patient depression. It can cause weight gain,
if it used for long term. so patient gain weight.
PRESCRIPTION
Region : Lahore
4 Age : 45
Hospital : Private Duration : 4 month
Practioner : MBBS, Psychiatrist Gender : female
RAMARGON 15
GENERIC
MG NAME Mirtazapine
DRUG It is tetra cyclic Anti Depressant. It help with Insomnia.
PATHOLOGY
CLIENT SYMPTOMS low energy, low appetite, anxiety, crying, sleep disturbance, and a strong desire to go
outside
DOSAGE half dose before sleeping ( 4 days), one tablet after 4 days
RATIONALE Selection: mainly used for major depressive disorder, increase in serotonin, and
nonepinepherine. It has anxiolytic, sedative, and appetite stimulant effect.
Dosage: preferably used before sleep , with initial dosage 15 mg per day. So Dosage is
perfect.
Duration: 4 months
Suitability of clinical need: It was effective for client.
BUTRIN XL 15 MG
GENERIC NAME Bupropion HCL
DRUG PATHOLOGY It is NDRIs class of antidepressent so helpful in major depressive disorder and seasonal
effective disorder. It is also used for Smoking cessation therapy.
CLIENT SYMPTOMS
DOSAGE 1 tablet after breakfast
RATIONALE selection: drug inhibit DAT and NET, helpful in controlling thoughts, emotions.
Dosages:
Suitability of clinical needs: patient show improvement.
COLRIL
4MG
GENERIC NAME Thiocochicoside 4mg
DRUG PATHOLOGY Muscle relaxant, Minor tranquillizor, non sedative drug.
Dosage Take two times in a day
RATIONALE selection: it is not psychotropic medicine.
Dosages: Minimum recomended dosage is 4 mg. so Dr used right dosage.
Duration: 4 months
Suitability of needs: it is for just facilitate treatment, otherwise it is not psychotropic
drug.
Psychotherapy: initially history is taken by psychologist, then some techniques given by him to patient.
Firts he psychoeducate about CBT, then he told about breathing exercise which was effective with
medication.
PRESCRIPTIO
Region : Lahore Age : 32
N 5 Private
Settings: Duration : 1 year
Practitioner : FCPS( Psychiatry) Gender : Female
NAZE 2MG
GENERIC NAME Clonezepam
DRUG PATHOLOGY It is related to long acting class of benzodiazepines class of anxiolytic drug. Control panic attacks,
work by calming nerves and brain
CLIENT SYMPTOMS Fear of blood, panic attacks, depression, insomnia
DOSAGE One tablet before sleep.
RATIONALE Its primary mode of action is to facilitate GABAergic transmission in the brain by a direct effect on
benzodiazepine receptors to give its anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant, and anxiolytic
effects.
Dosages: best once in day before sleep.
Duration: 1 year
Suitability of needs: it is effective for patient.
ESCITILOPRAM 10 MG
GENERIC NAME
DRUG PATHOLOGY SSRIs Antidepressant treat GAD and major depressive disorder, panic attacks
DOSAGE Before sleep
RATIONALE selection: drug selected according to symptoms of patient. It works by helping to restore
the balance of a certain natural substance (serotonin) in the brain.It may improve your
energy level and feelings of well-being and decrease nervousness.
Dosages: initial dosage is 10 mg, so it is right dosage for patient and best before sleep.
Duration: 1 year
Suitability of clinical needs: it is effective for patient.
Conclusion
:
• Both government and private hospitals were among the places I visited. I think psychiatrists gave their patients
the appropriate medication at the appropriate dosage. In medication therapy, one psychiatrist also used the
tapering strategy.
• After visiting different hospitals, I came to know that most of the patients come to the psychiatrists are of major
depressive disorder, panic attacks, and anxiety related.
• Mostly psychiatrists gave SSRIs to patients, because it is highly effective for Depression, OCD, and irritable sleep.
Sometime psychiatrist used not FDA approved medicine but it is effective for specific person and disorder like
olanzepine for OCD.
• After visit to Pharmacy, I see that mostly psychiatrist in that region recomending Wizen(antipsychotics), Apip
( Atypical Antipsychotics), Cepralex (SSRIs) to the patient.
• Mostly patients did not complete their treatment, so tapering technique did not used by psychiatrist.
• Mostly Psychologist used breathing and relaxation technique used with psychiatrist session. Their history taking
process was quite good. But mostly patient was totally dependant on drugs as compared to psychotherapy.
