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Materials Physics
 Definition of physics
• Physics:Physics is the branch of science, which deals with theStudy of
nature and properties of matter and energy.The subject matter of
physicsIt includes heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism and the
structure of atoms.
• For designing a law of physics, a scientific method is followed which
includes the verifications with experiments.In physics, attempts are made
to measure the quantities with the best accuracy. Thus, Physics can also
be defined asscience of measurement.
• Applied Physicsis the application of the Physics to help human beings and
solve their problem, it is usually considered as a bridge or a connection
between Physics & Engineering.
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
• Physical Quantities:are properties of materials or systems thatcan be
quantifiedbymeasurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as
avalue. value, which is the algebraic multiplication of anumerical value
and aunit of measurement.
• For example; Distance, Speed, Mass, Force etc.

Distance Speed ​Mass Force

 Measurement and units
• Measurement:In our daily life, we need to express and compare the magnitude of
different quantities; thiscan be done only by measuring them.
• Measurement: is thecomparisonof an unknownphysical quantitywith aknown fixed
physical quantity.
• Unit:Theknown fixed physical quantityis calledunit. unit,OR,The quantity used as
standard for measurementis called unit.
• For example, when we say that the length of the class room is 8 metres. Wecompare the
lengthof class roomwith standard quantity of length called meter.
Length of class room = 8 metres
iethe quantity of lengthconsists of number (8) and unit (meter)
Any physical quantity (Q) consists of numerical value (n) and standard unit (u)
 Measurement and units

Physical Quantity(Q)=Numerical value×unit. unit

Q=n×u
n=Numerical value
u=Standard unit
eg Mass of watermelon = 15 kg
Mass= Physical quantity
15= Numerical value
Kg= Standard unit

Means mass of a watermelon is15 times of known quantityie Kg.

 Classification of Quantities

Quantities can be classified to:

Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

 Classification of Quantities
Fundamental Quantity
 Fundamental Quantity:The quantity which is independent of
other physical quantities.
 In mechanics,mass, length and timeare calledoutstanding
quantities.
Units of these fundamental physical quantities are
calledFundamental units.
Fundamental Physical Quantity Fundamental unit
Mass Kg, Gram, Pound
Length Meter, Centimeter, Foot
Time Second
 Classification of Quantities
Derived Quantity

Derived Quantity:The quantitywhich is derived from the

fundamental quantities, eg area is a derived quantity.
Area = LengthWidth
=Length Length
= (Length)2

Speed ​=Distance / Time

=Length / Time
TheUnits for derived quantities are calledDerived Units.
 Classification of Quantities
Derived Quantity

Derived Quantity:

Stress = Force/area. area

= (mass acceleration) /(Length)2

The units for derived quantities are calledDerived Units.

 Standard Units in Physics
Characteristics ofStandard Units:A standardunit selected for measuring a
physical quantity should havethe following properties
(i)It should bewell defined,ieIts concept should be clear.
(ii) ItShould not change with change in physical conditionsLike temperature,
pressure, stress etc..
(iii) It should besuitable in size; neither too large nor too small.
(iv) Itshould not change with place or time.
(v) Itshould be reproducible.
(vi) Itshould be internationally accepted.
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
For measurement of physical quantities, the following systems are commonly
used:-
(i)CGS system: In this system, the unit of length iscentimeter, the unit of mass
isgramAnd the unit of time issecond(Gaussian System).
(ii)FPS system: In this system, the unit of length isfoot. foot, the unit of mass
ispoundAnd the unit of time issecond(British system).
(iii)MKS: In this system, the unit of length ismeter, unit of mass iskgAnd the
unit of time issecond(Metric system).
(iv)SI System(International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI from
the French LeSystemInternationalunits):This system is anImproved and
extended version of MKS system of units. It is calledinternational system of
unit.
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 With the development of science & technology, the three
fundamental quantities (mass, length & time) were not sufficient
as many other quantities like electric current, heat, etc. were
introduced.
 Therefore, more fundamental units in addition to the units of
mass, length and time are required.
 Thus, MKS system was modified with addition offour other
distinctive quantitiesandtwo supplementary quantities.
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS

Physical Gaussian British Metric

Quantity System System System

Length cm Foot(ft) m
Mass gm Pound (lb) Kg
Time s s s

1 Foot (ft) = 30.48 cm

1 Pound(lb) = 454 gm
 SI System(International System of Units)
Table of SIFundamental Units
Physical Quantity Unit Symbol

Lengthheight Meter m

MassBloc Kilogram Kg

TimeTime Second s

Temperaturetemperature Kelvin K

Electric currentElectric Ampere A

current
Amount of Mole mol
substancematerial quantity
Luminous intensityIntensity Candela cd
of illumination
SI System(International System of Units)

Table ofSupplementaryUnits
 SI System(International System of Units)

Advantage of SI system
• (i) It iscoherent systemof unit, i.e. thederived unitsof physical
quantities areeasily obtained by multiplication or division of
fundamental units.
• (ii) It is arational systemof units, i.e. ituses only one unitforone
physical quantity. eg It uses Joule (J) as unit for all types of
energies (heat, light,mechanical).
• (iii) It is a metric system of units, i.e. it's multiples & submultiples
can be expressed in power of 10.
 Definition ofBasic Unitof SI
• 1.Meter(m):The meter is the length of
the path traveled by light in vacuum
during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of
a second.
• 2.Kilogram(Kg):The kilogram is the mass
ofthe platinum-iridium cylinderwhich was
approved by theConférenceGeneral
designPoidsetMeasures, held in Paris in
1889, and kept by the Bureau
International desPoidsetMeasures.
(platinum–iridium is an unusually stable alloy.)
 SI System(International System of Units)

• 3.Second(s)
In 1967, thesecondwas redefined to take
advantage of the high precision attainable in a
device known as anatomic clock(see figure),
which measures vibrations of cesium atoms.
• Second(s): One second is defined as9 192
631 770 times the period of vibration of
radiation from the cesium-133 atom.
 Definition ofBasic Unitof SI

• 4.Kelvin(K): SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.One Kelvin is the fraction

1/273.16 of thedifference between absolute zero temperature (273.16) and
thetemperature of the triple point of water(0.018 ⁰C and a pressure of 4.58
mm of mercury).The temperature oftriple point of wateris the temperature at
which liquid water, gaseous water, and ice (solid water) coexist in
equilibrium(at0.018 ⁰C and a pressure of 4.58 mm of mercury).
T(K) = T(⁰C) + 273
This means that if the temperature is 25 ⁰C, it is 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K ~ 298
K
 Definition ofBasic Unitof SI

• 5.Ampere(A):The SI unit of electric current is theampere(A).That is,

1 A of current is equivalent toone coulomb(C)of electrical
chargepassing through a surface in1 s.
1A=1 C/s
• One coulombof charge is approximately equal to the charge of 6.24
1018electrons or protons.This number is very small when compared
with the number of free electrons in 1 cm3of copper, which is on the
order of 1023.
 Definition ofBasic Unitof SI

6. Candela(Cd):The candela is theluminous intensityof a source that

emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012hertz.
 Definition ofBasic Unitof SI
• 7. Mole(mol):The mole is the unit of measurement in the
International System of Units (SI)for amount of substance.Themoleof
any substance is that amount of the substance that
containsAvogadro's numberNA= 6.0221023of constituent particles
(atoms or molecules). The number of molesnof a substance is related
to its massmthrough the expression
n=m/m
whereMis the molar mass of the substance. The molar mass of each
chemical element is the atomic mass (from the periodic table)
expressed in grams per mole. For example, the mass of one He atom is
4.00 u (atomic mass units), so the molar mass of He is 4.00 g/mol.
 Definition ofSupplementary Unitof SI
Supplementary units
1.Radian(rad): It is supplementary unit ofplane angle. It is the
plane anglesubtendedat the center of a circle by an arc of the
circle equal to the radius of the circle. It is denoted by 𝜃.
𝜃 =l/r;𝑙is length of the arc and𝑟is radius of the circle
2.Steradian(Sr):It is supplementary unit ofsolid angle.It isthe
solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface
whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius.It is
denoted by Ω.Ω = Δs/r2
(Δs is the difference between total area of ​sphere and area of ​the solid
angle, r is the radius)
SI System(International System of Units)
 Definitions of dimensions of physical quantities
• Dimensions:Thepowersto which theFundamental units of mass, length and
time written as M, L and Tare raised are called dimensions.
• Brackets are [ ] used to express the dimension of any physical quantity.
For exampleArea = Length x Width
The dimension of area is written as follows:
= [L1]×[L1] = [L2] = [M0L2T0]
• Power (0, 2, 0) of fundamental unitsare calleddimensions of areain mass,
length and time,respectively.
Another example:Density = mass/volume
= [M]/[L3] = [M1L-3T0]
Power (1, -3, 0) of fundamental unitsare calleddimensions of densityin mass,
length and time,respectively.
 Dimensional formulaeand equation
• Dimensional Formula:An expression alongwith powerof mass, length &
timewhichindicates howaphysical quantity depends upon thefundamental physical
quantity.
Forexample:Speed ​= Distance/Time
= [L1]/[T1]
Dimensional formula is[M0L1T-1]
It tells us that speed depends upon L & T. It does not depend on mass (M).
• Dimensional Equation:An equation obtained by equating the physical quantity with its
dimensional formula is called dimensional equation.
• The dimensional equationof area, density & velocity are given as under-
• Area = [M0L2T0]
• Density = [M1L-3T0]
• Velocity = [M0L1T-1]
 Classification ofPhysical Quantities basedon
dimensional analysis
• Physical quantityareclassified into the followingfour categorieson the basis of
dimensional analysis.
• 1.Dimensional Constant: These are the physical quantities which possess dimensions and
have constant (fixed) value.
• eg speed of light,Planck'sconstant, Gas constant, Universal Gravitationnel constant etc.
• 2.Dimensional Variable:These are the physical quantities whichhave dimensionsanddo not
have fixed value.
eg velocity, acceleration, force, length, etc.
• 3.DimensionlessConstant: These are the physical quantities which do not have dimensions
but have constant (fixed) value.
ege,𝜋,𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 1,2,3,4,5etc.
• 4.DimensionlessVariable: These are the physical quantities which do not have dimensions
and have variable value.
eg angle, strain, specific gravity, etc.
Dimensional formula and SI units of physical quantities
 Questions
• Derive the dimensional formula of following Quantity & write down their
dimensions and SI unit.
• (1) Density
Density = mass/volume
=[M]/[L3] = [M1L-3T0] .The SI unit of density is Kg.m-3(Kg/m3)
• (2) Force
Force = Mass Acceleration
=Mass Speed ​/ Time = Mass  (Distance / Time) / Time
=Mass Distance / (Time)2
=[M1L1T-2] .The SI unit of force is Newton (N)
 Questions
• Derive the dimensional formula of following Quantity & write down their
dimensions.
• (3) Pressure (or Stress)
Pressure = Force /Area = Force / (length)2
= [M1L1T-2]/L2
=[M1L-1T-2].The SI unit of Pressure or Stress is Nm-2(N/m2)
• (4) Work (the same calculations are for Energy, which is the stored work)
Work = Force Distance = (Mass  Acceleration)  Distance
= [(Mass Distance / (Time)2) Distance]
= [M1L2T-2] .The SI unit of Work or energy is Joule (J)
 Questions
• Derive the dimensional formula of following Quantity & write down their dimensions.
• (5) Power
Power = Work/Time
=ForceDistance/Time = Mass acceleration  Distance / Time
=[M1L1T-2] x [L]/[T]
=[M1L2T-3] .The SIunit of Power is Watt
• (6) Angle
Angle = arc(length)/radius(length)
= [L]/[L]
=[M0L0T0] = no dimension.The SIunit of Angle is Radian (rad)
 Questions
What is meant by physical quantities?
Physical Quantitiesare properties of materials or systems that can be quantified by
measurement.
 What is meant by measurement in physics?
Measurement is the comparison of anunknown physical quantitywith aknown fixed physical
quantity.
What is meant by “Unit” in measurement of physical quantities?
Unit is a known fixed physical quantity. It is the quantity used as standard for measurement.
What is the SI unit for measurement of length?
The SI unit for measurement of length ismeter (m)
What is the SI unit for measurement of mass?
The SI unit for measurement of length iskilogram (kg)
 Questions
What is the SI unit for measurement of time?
The SI unit for measurement of time issecond(s)
What is the SI unit for measuring temperature?
The SI unit for measurement of temperature isKelvin(K)
What is the SI unit for measuring electric current?
The SI unit for measurement of electric current isAmpere(A)
What is the SI unit for measuring luminous intensity?
The SI unit for measurement of luminous isCandela (cd)
What is the SI unit for measurement of amount of substance?
The SI unit for measurement of amount of substance isMole (mol)
 Questions
Which of the following quantities is Fundamental and which is Derived?
Mass:
Speed:
Acceleration:
Time:
Temperature:
Length:
Density:
Force:
Amount of substance:
Electric current: