Chapter 1: Function and Graphs
Department of Mathematics, FPT University
Chapter 1: Function and Graphs
Objectives
Four ways to represent a function
Basis functions and the transformations of functions
1.1
Review of Functions
FUNCTION
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D
exactly one element, called f(x), in a set E.
The set D is called the domain of the function f.
FUNCTION
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies
throughout the domain.
FUNCTION
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies
throughout the domain.
GRAPH
The graph of f is the set of all points (x, y) in the coordinate plane
such that y = f(x) and x is in the domain of f.
The graph of f also allows us to picture:
The domain of f on the x-axis
Its range on the y-axis
GRAPH
Example 1
The graph of a function f is shown.
a. Find the values of f(1) and f(5).
b. What is the domain and range of f ?
f(1) = 3
f(5) = - 0.7
D = [0, 7]
Range(f) =
[-2, 4]
DISCUSSION
Find the domain and the range of the following functions:
4x 1
a) f x 5 2 x b) g x
2x 3
c) h x 16 x 2
d) q x x 2 4 x +7
Casio: Find range. Menu + 8
DISCUSSION
Find the domain and the range of the following functions:
x x 1
2
f x 2
x x 1
1. Find the domain of each function:
2 x
f x f x ln x 1
( x 2) x 1 x 1
2x 1
f x f ( x)
x2 4x 3
x x4 lg( x 2)
REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
There are four possible ways to represent a function:
Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
Visually (by a graph)
Numerically (by a table of values)
Verbally (by a description in words)
Example 2
The human population of the world P depends on the time t.
The table gives estimates of the
world population P(t) at time t,
for certain years.
However, for each value of the
time t, there is a corresponding
value of P, and we say that
P is a function of t.
Example 3
"When you turn on a hot-water faucet, the temperature T of the water
depends on how long the water has been running".
Draw a rough graph of T as a function of the time t that has elapsed
since the faucet was turned on.
Rule: The vertical line test
A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only if
no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
Rule: The vertical line test
The reason for the truth of the Vertical Line Test can be seen in the
figure.
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if:
f(x1) < f(x2) whenever x1 < x2 in I
It is called decreasing on I if:
f(x1) > f(x2) whenever x1 < x2 in I
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
The function f is said to be
increasing on the interval [a, b],
decreasing on [b, c],
and increasing again on [c, d].
SYMMETRY: EVEN FUNCTION
If a function f satisfies:
f(-x) = f(x), for all x in D
then f is called an even function.
The geometric significance of an even function is that its
graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
y = x4
SYMMETRY: ODD FUNCTION
If f satisfies:
f(-x) = - f(x), for all x in D
then f is called an odd function.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
EX: Determine whether is even, odd, or neither
g)
e)
f)
Function Composition
Example 3
Let f is an odd function. If (-3,5) is in the graph of f then
which point is also in the graph of f?
a. (3,5) b. (-3,-5) c. (3,-5) d. All of the others
Answer: c
Example 4
Suppose f is an odd function and g is an even function.
What can we say about the function f.g defined by (f.g)(x)=f(x)g(x)?
Prove your result.
QUIZ QUESTIONS
1) If f is a function then f(x+2)=f(x)+f(2)
a. True b. False
2) If f(s)=f(t) then s= t
a. True b. False
3) Let f be a function. We can find s and t such that s=t and f(s) is not equal to f(t)
a. True b. False
COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
• Two functions f and g can be combined to form new
functions:
(f + g)x = f(x) + g(x)
(f – g)x = f(x) – g(x)
(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)
(f o g)(x) = f(g(x))
f f ( x)
( x)
g g ( x)
QUIZ QUESTIONS
Let h(x)=f(g(x)).
1) If g(x)=x-1 and h(x)=3x+2 then f(x) is:
a. 3x+3 b. 3x+4 c. 3x+1 d. None of them
2) If h(x)=3x+2 and f(x)=x-1 then g(x) is:
a. 3x+3 b. 3x+4 c.3x+1 d. None of them
Answer: 1) d 2) a
QUIZ QUESTIONS
1) If f and g are functions, then (f o g) = (g o f)
a. True b. False
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
2) .
f ( x) 3 2 1 0 1 2
g ( x) 6 5 2 3 4 6
(f o g)(2) is
a. 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. None of the others
Chapter 1: Function and Graphs
1.2
BASIC CLASSES OF FUNCTIONS
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
LINEAR MODELS
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph of
the function is a line.
So, we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line to
write a formula for the function as
y f ( x) mx b
where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
LINEAR MODELS
A function of the form f(x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a
power function.
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
POLYNOMIALS
A function P is called a polynomial if
P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, …, an are
constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials
P( x)
f ( x)
Q( x)
where P and Q are polynomials.
The domain consists of all values of x such that .
Q( x) 0
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
f(x) = sin x g(x) = cos x
D (, ) Range = [-1, 1]
sin( x k 2 ) sin x cos( x k 2 ) cos x; k Z
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin x
tan x
cos x
3
x , ,
2 2
R (, )
tan( x k ) tan x; k Z
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions are
1
cos ecx
sin x
1
sec x
cos x
1
cot anx
tan x
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
The exponential functions are the functions of the
form f ( x ) a x
, where the base a is a positive constant.
The graphs of y = 2x and y = (0.5)x are shown.
In both cases, the domain is and the range
is .
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The logarithmic functions f x log, awhere
x the base a is a positive
constant, are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.
The figure shows the graphs of
four logarithmic functions with
various bases.
PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
x 3, x 1
Example: f x .
x 2 , x 1
2
TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTION
Label the following graph from the graph of the function y=f(x)
shown in the part (a)
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
SHIFTING
Why don’t we consider the case c<0?
Suppose c > 0.
To obtain the graph of y = f(x) + c,
shift the graph of y = f(x) a distance c units
upward.
To obtain the graph of y = f(x) - c,
shift the graph of y = f(x)
a distance c units downward.
SHIFTING
To obtain the graph of y = f(x - c), shift the graph of y = f(x) a distance
c units to the right.
To obtain the graph of y = f(x + c), shift the graph of y = f(x) a
distance c units to the left.
NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS
Label the following graph from the graph of the function y=f(x)
shown in the part (a)
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS
Label the following graph from the graph of the function y x
shown in the part (a):
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
y x 2 by shifting 2 units downward.
y x2 by shifting 2 units to the right.
TRANSFORMATIONS
How about the case c<1?
•Suppose c > 1.
To obtain the graph of y = cf(x),
stretch the graph of y = f(x)
vertically by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = (1/c)f(x),
compress the graph of y = f(x) vertically
by a factor of c.
TRANSFORMATIONS
In order to obtain the graph of y = f(cx),
compress the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a
factor of c.
To obtain the graph
of y = f(x/c), stretch
the graph of y = f(x)
horizontally by a factor
of c.
TRANSFORMATIONS
In order to obtain the graph of y = -f(x),
reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the x-axis.
To obtain the graph
of y = f(-x), reflect
the graph of y = f(x)
about the y-axis.
NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS
Label the following graph from the graph of the function y x
shown in the part (a):
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS
Label the following graph from the graph of the function y shown
x
in the part (a):
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
y x by reflecting about the x-axis.
y2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2.
y x by reflecting about the y-axis
TRANSFORMATIONS
• The figure illustrates these stretching
• transformations when applied to the cosine
• function with c = 2.
Example 5
Suppose that the graph of f is given.
Describe how the graph of the function f(x-2)+2 can be obtained from
the graph of f.
Select the correct answer.
a. Shift the graph 2 units to the left and 2 units down.
b. Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units down.
c. Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units up.
d. Shift the graph 2 units to the left and 2 units up.
e. none of these
Answer: c
Example 5
Explain how the following graphs are obtained from the graph of f(x)
f x 4
f x 3
f x 2 3
f x 5 4
Thanks
