PRESENTATION

• TOPIC GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS

• GROUP MEMBERS: MINAHIL ANWER

• FEROZ SHAH
• ABDUL BASIT
• MAAZ ULLAH
• SALAR ABBAS

SUBMIT TO:
•
MAM SADIA
 Minahil
Introduction to Grammatical Functions Anwer

 Understanding the structure and flow of language is crucial for

effective communication.
 Grammatical functions provide the backbone of sentence
construction, helping us convey meaning with clarity and
precision.
 In this presentation, we'll delve into the core elements of
grammatical functions, exploring the roles of subjects, direct and
indirect objects, complements, modifiers, and the relationship
between form and function.
 Subject: The doer of the action or the entity being discussed in a
sentence.
 Direct and Indirect Objects: The recipients of the action or the
entities affected by it.
 Complement: The part of a sentence that completes the meaning
of the verb.
 Modifier: Words or phrases that provide additional information
about other parts of the sentence.
 Form and Function: The relationship between the structure of a
sentence and its intended meaning.
 SUBJECT
 A subject in grammar refers to the person, thing, or idea that is
doing or being something in a sentence. It is usually a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action of the verb.
 Examples:
 She (subject) reads (verb) a book (object).
 The cat (subject) sleeps (verb) on the couch (prepositional
phrase).
 They (subject) are (verb) going (verb) to the park
(prepositional phrase).
 Tests for the subjecthood

Determining the subject of a sentence can sometimes be straightforward, but there

are some tests you can use to confirm the subjecthood.
 Subject-Verb Agreement:
The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural). If the
verb is singular, the subject is singular, and vice versa.
Example:
She reads (singular subject "She" matches singular verb "reads").
 Ask "Who" or "What":
Ask the question "Who" or "What" before the verb to identify the subject.
Example: Who reads? She reads. (The answer "She" is the subject).
  Tag Questions:
A tag question is a type of short question added to the end of a statement to turn it
into a question. The tag seeks confirmation or agreement from the listener. Tag
questions often use an auxiliary verb from the statement followed by a pronoun.
Examples:
 You like coffee, don't you? (Statement: You like coffee. Tag question: don't
you).
 She is coming to the party, isn't she? (Statement: She is coming to the party.
Tag question: isn't she)

 The pronoun in the tag question agrees with the subject in person,
number, and gender.
 Subject-auxiliary inversion:
• Subject-auxiliary inversion occurs when the usual word order of a subject
followed by a verb is reversed, placing the auxiliary verb before the subject.
• This inversion is commonly used in questions, negative expressions, and certain
other constructions for emphasis or formality.
Examples of subject-auxiliary inversion:
 Questions Statement: She is reading a book.
Question: Is she reading a book?
 Negative expressions Statement: They have seen that movie.
Negative: They have not seen that movie.
Negative question: Haven't they seen that movie?
 Emphatic expressions Statement: You are coming to the party.
Emphatic: Are you coming to the party?
 Conditional sentences Statement: If you see him, tell him I said hello.
Inverted: Should you see him, tell him I said hello.
Feroz shah Hadi
Direct object
Direct object

• Receiving the action

Definition:

• A direct object directly receives the action of the verb.

• A direct object (DO) is canonically an NP, undergoing the process denoted by the
verb.
For example

• She kicked the ball." (The ball is the direct object).

• Thunder frightens [the dog]. ( The dog is the direct object).

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 Identifying Direct Objects

• How to Spot Direct Objects

• Strategy: Ask "What?" or "Whom?" after the verb.
• Example: "She kicked what?" (Answer: the ball)
• Thunder frightens what? (Answer the dog).

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 Indirect object
Indirect object

• To Whom or For Whom

definition

• An indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action is done.

• It typically indicates the recipient of the direct object in a sentence.
• It answers the question "to whom" or "for whom" the action of the verb is done.

For example

• She gave him a book." (Him is the indirect object.)

• The teacher assigned the students a challenging project.

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 Identifying Indirect Objects

• How to Identify Indirect Objects

• Look for the recipient of the direct object.

• Example: "She gave a book to whom?" (Answer: him)

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 Sentence Structure: Direct and Indirect Objects
Typical order: subject-verb-direct object-indirect
object.
Variations and exceptions exist for emphasis or
clarity.
Placement of
direct and
indirect object

For example:

"She gave him a book.

 Cont….
• Example: "She gave him a book.
• "Subject: She
• Verb: gave
• Direct Object: book
• Indirect Object: him

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 Variations and Exceptions
While the typical order is common, variations and exceptions
exist for emphasis or clarity.

• For emphasis: Objects may be moved to the beginning or end

of the sentence.

– Example: "The book she gave him

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Abdul
Basit
Hashmi COMPLEMENTS Predicative comp.

Oblique comp..

A word or group of words that completes the meaning of an expression.

Add more information about subject or object.

Predicative
Complement
The NPs which follow the verbs but do not behave as direct or indirect objects are known as
predictive complements.Instead, they function as the predicate of the subject or the object.

SUBJ NP
Eg:
a
This is my ultimate goal.
SUBJ NP Subjective
b Complements
Mikhal became an architect.
 Complements Predicative
Complement
(continue…)

OBJ
NP

Eg: c They elected Graham chairman

Objective
OBJ NP Complements
d I consider Andrew the best writer

Remember, complements are NPs, which can’t

Note be passivize

Chairman was elected Graham.

The best writer was considered Andrew

 DIFFERENCE BTW OBJECTS AND PREDICATIIVE
COMPLEMENT

ACTION VERB
DIRECT OBJECT
a John made Kim a great doll.

John made a great doll for Kim

LINKING VERB

Predicative
b John made Kim a great doctor.
complements

John made a great doctor Kim

Note In IO/DO we can interchange their positions,
but in complements cannot change their
positions
 Types of Predicative Complements

Adjectival Describes the subject or object using an adjective.

complements

Example:
"The apples taste sweet.“ Subjective Adjectival
“The situation became terrible” Complements

. Example:
“I made kim angry.“ Objectival Adjectival
“I consider him immoral.”
Complements
 Complements
(continue…)

Oblique Complement

They are neither objects nor predicative complements.Since their pres ence is obligatory, for
syntactic well-formedness, they are called oblique complements.

It provides necessary information related to the verb, usually connected by a preposition.

Oblique complements are generally reffered as PPs in english

Eg:
a. John put books in the box.

b. John talked to Bill about the exam.

c. She reminded him of the last time they met.

 Complements
(continue…) Do
Io
a John gave student a book.
Examples,
John gave a book to the student. Oblique c

Io
b John bought a book for the student.

To the students & for the students in e.g (A) & (B) cannot be converted into passive
voice because IO comes later and DO comes first in the sentence , however IO and DO can
be converted into passive voice but when we write IO after DO and add a preposition in
btw, as it becomes oblique complement it cannot be converted into passive voice.
 Maaz Ullah
Modifier
Modifiers are words or phrases that provide
additional information about other elements in a
sentence.
They can modify nouns (adjectives), verbs
(adverbs), or other modifiers.
Examples of modifiers include adjectives (modifying
nouns), adverbs (modifying verbs), and
prepositional phrases (modifying nouns or verbs).
Classification of modifier

Modifiers can be broadly classified into several types based on their grammatical function
and the words they modify.

Here are the main types of modifiers with examples:

1. Adjectives: Modify nouns or pronouns. - The *red* apple. - She is *happy*.
2. Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. - She sings *beautifully*. - He is
*very* tall. - He ran *very quickly*.
3. Adverbial phrases: Groups of words acting as adverbs. - He ran *in the morning*.
4. Adverbial clauses: Clauses that act as adverbs. - He ran *because he was late*.
5. Adjective phrases: Groups of words acting as adjectives. - The book *on the table* is
mine.
For example:- The *blue* car (adjective modifying the noun 'car')
She sang *beautifully* (adverb modifying the verb 'sang').
The book on the *top* shelf (adjective phrase modifying the
noun 'book').
He ran *very quickly* (adverb phrase modifying the verb 'ran').
 Semantic Roles Salar abas
• Agent

Theme

Instrument

Experience

Location

Source

Goal
• Agent : The Semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the who perform the action of the
verb

Agent is who performs the action

The Agent is typically human but can be a non-human

Example : The Boy Kicked The Ball

Theme : The Semantic role of ythe noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or
affected by the action of the verb in an event

The theme is typically non-human but can be a human

The Theme Can Also be an entity

Example : The boy kicked the ball

• Instrument : The Semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity
that is used to perform the action of the verb

Example : He draw a table with pencil

Experiencer : when a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as a

person who has some sort of feeling perception or state,

Example : The boy is feeling sad.

Location : The Semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an

entity is done

Examples : I was sitting in the classroom.

• Source : The Semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where is entity is
moves from

Examples : he went to America from Pakistan

Goal : The semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where is entity
moves to

Example : She Went to new york from pakistan

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