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Chapter 13 Part 2

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21 views26 pages

Chapter 13 Part 2

Uploaded by

alaayousefmm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers – Part 2

By Dr. Samer Awad


Assistant professor of biomedical engineering
The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
[email protected]
June 9, 2024 :Last update
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13.5 Exponential Function


•

• The complex exponential function ez can be


expressed as:

 , but how is that?


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Exponential Function
Using Taylor series expansions we need to prove
that e i  cos   i sin  :

 2 3 i i  3
2
e  1      ...  e 1  i    ...
2! 3! 2! 3!
 2
 4
cos  1    ...
2! 4!
i 3 i 5
i sin   i    ...
3! 5!
 e i  cos   i sin  Euler’s formula.
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Exponential Function
• The complex exponential function ez can be
expressed as:

• Also, since , the polar form of a complex number


z can be expressed as:
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Properties of
•

• , but why?

• Also,

• How can you plot these on the complex plane?


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Properties of
•  pure imaginary part amplitude=1.

• Hence, and

• is periodic with period =


–.
– All values for are
within a region = .
– The fundamental region
of is: .
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Examples: Exponential Function


• Find the Cartesian & polar form of

• To prove that for:

• Solve :
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Trigonometric Functions
• Euler’s formula:

• Add the previous two eq’s (eq1+eq2) to get:


• Subtract those eq’s (eq1 – eq2) to get:


• Similarly, for a complex value :


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Trigonometric Functions
• The other trigonometric functions are defined as:
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Hyperbolic Functions
1
sinh 𝑧 = ( 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 − 𝑧 ) cosh 𝑧 = 1 ( 𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒 − 𝑧 )
2 2
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Hyperbolic Functions
• The complex hyperbolic cosine and sine are
defined by the formulas:

• Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions


Are Related:

• Conversely:
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Hyperbolic Functions
• The other trigonometric functions are defined as:
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Examples: Trigonometric &


Hyperbolic Functions
Prove the following equation 6a
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Examples: Trigonometric &


Hyperbolic Functions
Prove the following equation 7a
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Example: Trigonometric &


Hyperbolic Functions
• …(1)
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Natural Logarithm Function


• The natural logarithm of z is denoted by:

• Let :

• Since arg z corresponds to the same value every


has infinite values (multivalued).

• The value of ln z corresponding to the principal


value Arg z is denoted by :
17 [email protected] June 9, 2024

Natural Logarithm Function


• is called the principal value of :

• If z is positive real, then Arg z = 0 and Ln z


becomes regular ln(x) function from calculus.

• If z is negative real, (remember ln(-x) is not


defined in calculus):
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Natural Logarithm Function


• From: , it follows that:
(single-valued)

• Since , it follows that:


(multi-valued)

Remember:
is periodic 
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Examples: Natural Logarithm

• Solve in class
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Examples: Natural Logarithm


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Natural Logarithm Function


• The familiar relations for the natural logarithm
continue to hold for complex values:
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Example: Natural Logarithm


• Prove that and that
for z1 = z2 = -1
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General Powers
•

• is multivalued  is multivalued.

• Hence, there is a principal value of zc which is:


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General Powers
•

• If c = n = 1, 2, … then is single-valued and


identical with the usual nth power of z.

• If c = n = -1, -2, … then is also single-valued .

• If c = 1/n, where n = 2, 3, … , then:

 Same finite n roots explained previously.


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General Powers
•
• If c=m/n, the quotient of two positive integers, the
situation is similar, and has only finite n distinct
values (n roots).
• However, if c is real irrational or complex, then is
infinitely many-valued.
• Remember: an irrational number is any real
number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of
integers. Example: .
26 [email protected] June 9, 2024

Example: General Powers


• Find the values of: :

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