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 Introduction
Android is an open source and Linux-based
Operating System for mobile devices such as smart
phones and tablet computers. Android was
developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by
Google, and other companies.
 The apps are primarily written in Java.
 The Android operating system, including
the Linux kernel, contains approximately
12 million lines of code
 What Is An Android ?
 An Android device is a device that runs on the
Android operating system.
 Android is an array of software intended for mobile
devices that features an operating system, core
applications and middleware.
 An Android device may be a smartphone, tablet PC,
e-book reader or any type of mobile device that
requires an OS.
 Android is developed by the Open Handset
Alliance, which is led by Google
 Some of the well-known Android device
manufacturers include Acer, HTC, Samsung,
LG,Sony Ericsson and Motorola.
 Android Versions
Android version Specific Features
Android 1.6 Quick search box ,Screen size diversity
Android market
Android 2.1 - Eclair Google maps navigation
Home screen customization
Speech-to- Text
Android 2.2- Froyo Voice actions, Portable Hotspot
Performance
Android 2.3- Gingerbread Gaming APIs
Near Field Communication (NFC)
Battery Management
Android 3.0- Honeycomb Tablet-friendly design ,System bar
Quick settings
Android 4.0- Ice cream Sandwich Custom home screen ,Data usage control
Android Beam
Android 4.1- Jelly Bean Google now ,Actionable Notifications
Account switching
Android 4.4- Kitkat Voice: OK Google ,Immersive Design
Smart Dialer
Android 5.0- Lollipop Material Design ,Multi screen ,Notifications

Android 6.0- Marshmallow Now on tap ,,Permissions

Battery works smarter
Android 7.0 - Nougat Multi Locale language settings Multi-window
view
Quick switch between apps
Data Saver
Notification Controls
Display Size
 Features of Android
Feature & Description
Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user
interface.
Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
LTE, NFC and WiMAX.

Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

Media support H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC,
AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
Messaging SMS and MMS
Web browser Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine,
coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and
CSS3.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which
was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.

Resizable widgets Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them

to show more content or shrink them to save space.

Multi-Language Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

GCM Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets

developers send short message data to their users on Android devices,
without needing a proprietary sync solution.
Wi-Fi Direct A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly,
over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection.
Android Beam A popular NFC-based technology that lets users
instantly share, just by touching two NFC-enabled phones together.
 More Features
 enables managing, importing, and playing back but lacked
video and stereo Bluetooth support
 NotificationGoogle Search of the internet and phone apps,
contacts, calendar, etc.
 Google Talk instant messaging.
 Instant messaging, text messaging, and MMS.
 Media Player s appear in the Status bar - drag down to
see details, also ringtone, LEDs and vibration options.
 Voice Dialer allows dialing and placing of phone calls
without typing a
 name or number
 Wallpaper allows the user to set the background image or
photo behind
 the Home screen icons and widgets.
 Other supported features include: WiFi, and Bluetooth.
Android – Architecture
Android operating system is a stack of
software components which is roughly
divided into five sections and four main
layers as shown below in the architecture
diagram.
Linux kernel
It is the heart of android architecture that exists at
the root of android architecture
Acts as an abstraction layer between the
hardware and the rest of the software stack
Is responsible for security , memory management
, process management, and driver model
Libraries
Android Runtime
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the
second layer from the bottom. This section provides a key
component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java
Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for Android.
Includes a set of core liberaries of JAVA that provides most of the
functionality

Application Framework
Access location information, run background services, set alarms
add notifications to the status bar, and much more
build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons ,and
even embedded web browser
Providing access to non-code resources such as localizing strings
graphics and layout files
Applications
Set f core applications including email client.SMS
program, calander, maps, browser , contacts
All application are written using JAVA
programming language

Android Application components are the essential

building blocks of an Android application. These
components are loosely coupled by the application
manifest file AndroidManifest.xml that describes each
component of the application and how they interact
There are four main components that can be used within an
Android application

Components & Description

(1)Activities They dictate the UI and handle the user
interaction to the smart phone screen. They represents a
single screen with a user interface, or performs actions on
the screen
(2)Services They handle background processing associated
with an application. A component that runs in the
background to perform long-running operations
(3)Broadcast Receiver They handle communication
between Android OS and applications.
(4)Content Providers They handle data and database
management issues.
 The Android framework includes the following key
services −
Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the
application lifecycle and activity stack.
Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and
share data with other applications.
Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code
embedded resources such as strings, color settings and user
interface layouts.
Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display
alerts and notifications to the user.
View System − An extensible set of views used to create
application user interfaces.
The Android Market
The Android Market was an online store offering software
applications designed for Android devices. Users gain
access to the Android Market through its website or the
Market application installed on Android mobile devices

The Android Market opened for business on October 22,

2008. While you won’t find it a "Android Market" now, the
service does live on as Google Play
Android applications are usually developed in the Java language
using the Android Software Development Kit. Once developed,
Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either
through a store such as Google Play or the Amazon Appstore.
Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in
more than 190 countries around the world. It's the largest
installed base of any mobile platform and is growing fast.
Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are
activated worldwide

There are currently over 200,000 apps available for

Android that are made accessible through the Android
Market, which is the online app store run by Google
Tools and Environment Setup
Android Studio is the official IDE for Android
development, and with a single download it includes
everything you need to begin developing Android apps
as you can see below
 IntelliJ IDE + Android Studio plugin
Android SDK Tools
 Android Platform-tools
 A version of the Android platform
 Android Emulator with an Android system image
including Google Play Services
Android Studio provides tools for building apps on
every type of Android device. Code editing,
debugging, performance tooling, a flexible build
system, and an instant build or deploy system are
included in Android studio. Let's see what are the
systems requirements to install Android studio in
different operating systems.
System Requirements
System requirements for Windows, Mac OS and Linux are given
below. Windows - Microsoft® Windows® 7/8/10 (32- or 64-bit)
 3 GB RAM minimum, 8 GB RAM recommended; plus 1 GB for
the Android Emulator
 2 GB of available disk space minimum,
4 GB Recommended (500 MB for IDE + 1.5 GB for Android
SDK and emulator system image) 41 Features of Android
1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution
For accelerated emulator: 64-bit operating system and Intel®
processor with support for Intel® VT-x, Intel® EM64T (Intel® 64),
and Execute Disable (XD) Bit functionality
 Command Line Tools
The Android SDK tools available from the SDK Manager
provide additional command-line tools to help you during
your Android development. The tools are classified into
two groups: SDK tools and platform tools. SDK tools are
platform independent and are required no matter which
Android platform you are developing on. Platform tools are
customized to support the features of the latest Android
platform.
SDK Tools
The SDK tools are installed with the SDK starter package and are
periodically updated. The SDK tools are required if you are
developing Android applications.
Virtual Device Tools
a) Android Virtual Device Manager The AVD Manager provides a
graphical user interface in which you can create and manage
Android Virtual Devices (AVDs) that run in the Android
Emulator.
b) b) Android Emulator (emulator) A QEMU(short for quick
emulator) based device emulation tool that you can use to debug
and test your applications in an actual Android run-time
environment.
c) c) mksdcard Helps you create a disk image that you can use with
the emulator, to simulate the presence of an external storage card
(such as an SD card)
Development Tools
Hierarchy Viewer (hierarchy viewer) - Provides a visual representation of the layout's
View hierarchy with performance information for each node in the layout, and a
magnified view of the display to closely examine the pixels in your layout.
SDK Manager SDK Manager lets you manage SDK packages, such as installed
platforms and system images.
sqlite3 - Lets you access the SQLite data files created and used by Android
applications.
Debugging Tools The debugging tools are further explained in the later units of this
material.
a) Android Monitor Android Monitor is integrated into Android Studio and provides
logcat, memory, CPU, GPU, and network monitors for app debugging and analysis.
b) b) adb
Android Debug Bridge (adb) is a versatile command line tool that lets you
communicate with an emulator instance or connected Android-powered device. It
also provides access to the device shell.
c) Dalvik Debug Monitor Server (DDMS) DDMS lets you debug Android apps.
d) Device Monitor Android Device Monitor is a stand-alone tool that
provides a graphical user interface for several Android application
debugging and analysis tools.
e) Systrace This tool lets you analyze the execution of your
application in the context of system processes, to help diagnose
display and performance issues.
f) traceview Provides a graphical viewer for execution logs saved by
your application.
g) Tracer for OpenGL ES Allows you to capture OpenGL ES(the
standard for Embedded Accelerated 3D Graphics) commands and
frame-by-frame images to help you understand how your app is
executing graphics commands.
Build Tools
a) Apksigner Signs APKs and checks whether APK signatures
will be verified successfully on all platform versions that a
given APK supports.
b) JOBB Allows you to build encrypted and unencrypted APK
expansion files in Opaque Binary Blob (OBB) format.
c) ProGuard Shrinks, optimizes, and obfuscates your code by
removing unused code and renaming classes, fields, and
methods with semantically obscure names.
d) Zipalign Optimizes APK files by ensuring that all
uncompressed data starts with a particular alignment relative to
the start of the file.
Image Tools
a) Draw 9-patch Allows you to easily create a NinePatch (class permits drawing a
bitmap in nine or more sections) graphic using a WYSIWYG (What You See Is
What You Get) editor. It also previews stretched versions of the image, and
highlights the area in which content is allowed.
b) Etc1tool A command line utility that lets you encode PNG images to the ETC1
compression standard and decode ETC1 compressed images back to PNG.

Platform Tools
The platform tools are typically updated every time you install a new SDK
platform. Each update of the platform tools is backward compatible with older
platforms. Usually, you directly use only one of the platform tools—the Android
Debug Bridge (adb). Android Debug Bridge is a versatile tool that lets you manage
the state of an emulator instance or Android-powered device.
 Advantages Of Android
1)Commoditized Mobile Hardware Components
2)Proliferation of Android Developers
3)Availability Of Modern AndroidDevelopment Tools
4)Easeof connectivity and Process Management
5)Millions of Available apps
6)Supportsrunningmultiple appssimultaneously,
7)Wide range of devices to choose from
8)Expandable memory & runson affordable large
devices
 Disadvantages of Android
1)The Concept of a New Application is Complicated
2)Developers Are Having A Rough Time
3)Low Specification Smartphones RunSlowly
4)DefenseFrom Viruses
5)Many AdvertisementsIn Apps.
6)Not Helpful To Aged Persons
7)Google Account Needed.
8)BadContent Of Software.
9)The Concept of a New Application is Complicated