Computer System Servicing NCII |Install and configure computer systems

OPERATING SYSTEM
 What is Operating System?
• An operating system (OS) is system software
that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides various services for
computer programs. It acts as an intermediary
between the hardware and software, allowing
users and applications to interact with the
computer's hardware without needing to
understand the intricate details of the
hardware.
• Process Management: The OS manages processes,
which are individual programs or tasks running on
the computer. It allocates CPU time, memory, and
other resources to different processes, ensuring they
run efficiently and without interference.
• Memory Management: Operating systems handle
memory allocation and deallocation, making sure
that programs have access to the necessary memory
resources. This includes managing virtual memory
and swapping data in and out of RAM.
• File System Management: Operating systems
provide a file system that organizes and stores data
on storage devices like hard drives and SSDs. This
includes file creation, deletion, reading, and writing
operations.
• Device Management: The OS interacts with various
hardware devices such as keyboards, mice, printers,
and storage devices. It manages device drivers to
facilitate communication between software and
hardware components.
• User Interface: Operating systems typically
provide a user interface that allows users to
interact with the computer. This can be a
command-line interface (CLI), graphical user
interface (GUI), or both.
• Security: OSs enforce security measures to
protect the computer and its data. This
includes user authentication, access control,
and firewall functionality.
• Networking: Many operating systems have
built-in networking capabilities, allowing
computers to connect to networks and the
internet. They manage network connections,
protocols, and data transmission.
• Error Handling: Operating systems monitor
the system for errors and exceptions, handling
them gracefully to prevent crashes or data
loss.
• Task Scheduling: The OS determines the order
in which tasks (processes) are executed and
manages the allocation of CPU time to each
task, ensuring efficient multitasking.
• Resource Allocation: It manages hardware
resources such as CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices, allocating them as needed
to various processes and applications.
TYPES OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
 Types of Operating Systems

• Desktop Operating System • Mainframe Operating System

• Server Operating System • Distributed Operating System
• Mobile Operating System • Multi-User Operating System
• Embedded Operating System • Real-Time Operating System
• Network Operating System • Single User Operating System
 Desktop Operating Systems:
• Windows: Developed by Microsoft, Windows is
one of the most widely used desktop operating
systems. Versions include Windows 10, Windows
11, and others.
• macOS: Developed by Apple Inc., macOS is the
operating system used on Macintosh computers.
• Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system
with various distributions (distros) like Ubuntu,
Fedora, CentOS, and Debian. It's popular for both
desktop and server use.
 Server Operating Systems
• Windows Server: Microsoft offers a range of server
operating systems for enterprise use, such as
Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server 2022.
• Linux Server: Linux distributions like Ubuntu Server,
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), and CentOS are
commonly used for server environments.
• Unix: Unix-based operating systems like AIX (IBM),
Solaris (Oracle), and HP-UX (Hewlett Packard) are
used in enterprise and high-performance computing
environments
Linux Victoria
Unix 3.0
 Mobile Operating Systems:
• Android: Developed by Google, Android is the
most widely used mobile operating system,
primarily running on smartphones and tablets.
• iOS: Developed by Apple, iOS is the operating
system exclusively used on iPhones, iPads, and
iPod Touch devices.
 Embedded Operating Systems:
• RTOS (Real-Time Operating Systems): RTOSes
like Free RTOS, VxWorks, and QNX are
designed for real-time and embedded
systems, including automotive, industrial, and
IoT devices.
• Embedded Linux: A customized version of the
Linux kernel, often used in embedded systems
due to its flexibility and open-source nature.
 Network Operating Systems:
• Cisco IOS: Used in Cisco networking
equipment like routers and switches.
• Juniper Junos: The operating system for
Juniper Networks' networking devices.
 Mainframe Operating Systems:

• IBM z/OS: Designed for IBM mainframes,

providing scalability, reliability, and security
for large-scale enterprise computing.
 Distributed Operating Systems:
• Linux Cluster and Distributed Computing:
Various Linux distributions support clustering
and distributed computing for high-
performance and fault-tolerant systems.
 Multi-User Operating Systems:
• Unix-like Systems: Unix and Unix-like
operating systems are known for their multi-
user and multi-tasking capabilities
 Real-Time Operating Systems
(RTOS):
• VxWorks: Used in real-time and embedded
systems where timing and predictability are
critical.
• FreeRTOS: An open-source real-time
operating system for embedded systems.
 Single-User Operating Systems:
• Single-User Single-Tasking: These simple
operating systems can run only one task at a
time and are typically found in older or
specialized computing devices.
WHAT IS WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEM?
 What is Windows Operating
System?
• The Windows operating system, often referred
to simply as "Windows," is a family of
graphical user interface-based operating
systems developed and marketed by
Microsoft. Windows is one of the most widely
used and recognizable operating systems in
the world. It has been a dominant force in the
personal computer (PC) market for many
years.
Key characteristics and versions of
the Windows operating system
include:
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows is known
for its user-friendly graphical interface, which allows
users to interact with the computer using windows,
icons, menus, and a pointing device (usually a
mouse).
• Multitasking: Windows supports multitasking,
allowing users to run multiple applications
simultaneously. Each application runs in its own
window and can be switched between seamlessly.
• File System: Windows typically uses the NTFS (New
Technology File System) as its primary file system,
providing features like file and folder permissions,
encryption, and compression.
• Compatibility: Windows is compatible with a wide
range of software applications, including
productivity tools, games, multimedia software,
and more. Many software developers target
Windows as their primary platform.
• Networking: Windows includes extensive
networking capabilities, making it suitable for
use in home networks, small businesses, and
large enterprises. It supports features like file
sharing, network printing, and remote desktop
access.
• Security: Microsoft has made significant
efforts to enhance the security of Windows
over the years. This includes features like
Windows Defender (antivirus and
antimalware), firewall protection, and regular
security updates.
• Versions: Windows has had numerous
versions and editions over the years. Some of
the notable versions include Windows 3.1,
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000,
Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7,
Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and
Windows 11 .Additionally, there are different
editions of Windows, such as Home, Pro,
Enterprise, and Education, each catering to
specific user needs
• Server Versions: Microsoft also offers server
versions of Windows, such as Windows Server
2019 and Windows Server 2022, designed for
use in enterprise and data center
environments.
• Mobile Versions: While Windows Phone had a
presence in the mobile device market,
Microsoft's focus on mobile devices shifted
with the discontinuation of Windows Phone in
favor of other mobile platforms.
WHAT IS WINDOWS
SERVER OPERATING
SYSTEM?
What is Windows Server Operating
System?
• Windows Server is a family of operating systems
developed by Microsoft specifically for use in server
environments. Unlike the Windows client operating
systems (such as Windows 10 or Windows 11), which
are designed for personal computers and end-user
devices, Windows Server is engineered to provide
the infrastructure and services necessary for running
networked applications, managing data, and
supporting enterprise-level computing needs.
• Server Roles and Features: Windows Server allows
administrators to configure various server roles and
features based on the specific needs of their
organization. These roles and features include web
servers (IIS), domain controllers (Active Directory),
file servers, print servers, database servers, and
more.
• Security and Access Control: Windows Server
includes robust security features, including role-
based access control (RBAC), group policies, and
auditing capabilities to help administrators manage
access to resources and protect sensitive data
• Scalability and Performance: Windows Server is
designed to scale and handle a wide range of
workloads, making it suitable for small businesses to
large enterprises. Features like failover clustering,
load balancing, and support for multi-processor
systems contribute to its scalability and performance.
• Virtualization: Windows Server includes Hyper-V,
Microsoft's virtualization platform, allowing
administrators to create and manage virtual
machines (VMs) on a single physical server. This helps
with server consolidation and resource optimization.
• Networking: Windows Server offers robust
networking capabilities, including support for
DNS, DHCP, VPN, and network policy and
access services. It can serve as the backbone
of complex network infrastructures.
• Storage Solutions: Windows Server provides
various storage solutions, including file
services (using the SMB protocol), storage
spaces, and Storage Spaces Direct for creating
software-defined storage solutions.
• Remote Desktop Services: It offers features
for delivering virtualized desktops and
applications to users through Remote Desktop
Services (formerly known as Terminal
Services).
• Backup and Disaster Recovery: Windows
Server includes tools and features for backup
and recovery, including Windows Server
Backup and integration with Azure Backup for
cloud-based disaster recovery.
• Server Management: Administrators can use
tools like Windows Admin Center, PowerShell,
and Group Policy to manage Windows Server
environments efficiently.
• Regular Updates: Microsoft provides regular
updates and security patches for Windows
Server to keep it secure and up to date.