Engineering Drawing

Effectiveness of Graphics Language

1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size,
size shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
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Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces,
surfaces edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing”

drawing or “drafting”
drafting .

A drawing can be done using freehand,

freehand instruments
or computer methods.

3
 Introduction
An engineering drawing is a type of technical
drawing, used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items, and is usually
created in accordance with standardized
conventions for layout, nomenclature,
interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously
capture all the geometric features of a product or
a component.
The end goal of an engineering drawing is to
convey all the required information that will allow
a manufacturer to produce that component.
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 Purpose of an Engineering Drawing
1. An engineering drawing is not an illustration.
2. It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or assembly.
3. The important information on a drawing is the dimension and
tolerance of all of its features.

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Importance of technical graphics
Technical drawings: A language used in the design process for
communicating, solving problems, quickly and accurately
visualizing objects, and conducting analysis
A graphical representation of objects and structures and is done
using freehand, mechanical, or computer methods

Users of engineering and technical graphics in industry

From traditional “linear” design process to
new“concurrent” design process
Traditional: A linear, segmented activity involving
problem identification, preliminary ideas, design
refinements, analysis, optimization, and documentation
Concurrent: A team activity involving coordination of
the technical and non-technical functions of design and
manufacturing within a business

The CAD
database
becomes a
communication
medium.
Samples of drawing conventions and
standards
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
language

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
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 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

10
PROJECTION
METHOD
 PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
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 Categories of orthographic projection

Ortho g raphic pro je ctio n

( Paralle l p ro je cto rs )

Ortho g o na l Axo no me tric Oblique

No rmal to No rmal to Incline d to

Projectors
p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane

Principal Paralle l to Incline d to Paralle l to

plane of
object
p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane p ro je ctio n p lane
 Projection Methods
The four
principal types
of projections:

a Multiview
b Axonometric
c Oblique
d Perspective
 Axonometric projection

• axon = axis; metric = measure, in Greek

• Axonometric projection is a parallel projection
technique to create a pictorial drawing of an
object by rotating the object on an axis
relative to a projection or picture plane
 Axonometric projection

• Axonometric projection
– Trimetric
– Dimetric
– Isometric
Axonometric projection
 Isometric projection

• Isometric projection is a true representation of the isometric

view of an object
• Isometric view is created by rotating the object 45 degree
about vertical axis, and tilting it forward 35 deg 16’
 Isometric projection: axes

• The 3 axis meet at A,B form equal angles of

120 deg and they are called Isometric Axes
• OA is vertical, OB is inclined at 30deg to the
right, OC is inclined at 30deg to the left
• Any lines parallel to these – Isometric Line
• Any planes parallel – Isometric Planes
 Selection of Isometric Axes

• Main purpose of isometric view is to provide a pictorial view which reveals

as much detail as possible
• Selection of principal edges is important
• Figure shows different isometric views of the same block
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

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Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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 Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size. Width is distorted

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Orthographic
Projection
 Orthographic projection
• Orthographic" comes from the Greek word for
"straight writing (or drawing)." This projection shows
the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top,
bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative
to each other according to the rules of either “First
Angle” or “Third Angle” projection.

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 Pictorial
3-dimensional representations
One-point
one vanishing point
lines that are not vertical
or horizontal converge to
single point in distance
Two-point or Three-point
two or three vanishing points
With two points, vertical or
horizontal lines parallel, but not both
With three-point, no lines are parallel
Isometric
Drawing shows corner of object,
but parallel lines on object are
parallel in drawing
Shows three dimensions, but no
vanishing point(s)

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One-point

Two-Point

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 Symbols for Third Angle (right)or First Angle (left).

First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in

Europe. The 3D object is projected into 2D "paper" space as if you
were looking at an X-ray of the object: the top view is under the
front view, the right view is at the left of the front view.
Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and
Canada, where it is the default projection system according to BS
8888:2006, the left view is placed on the left the top view on the
top.
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 MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

4
Projection plane

30
Image of a part represented in First Angle Projection

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 Orthographic / Multiview
• Draw object from two / three perpendicular views

What it looks
like pictorially
/ Orthographic

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33
34
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
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 Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

36
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

37
Sectional views

38
 Auxiliary Views
• Used to show true dimensions of an inclined
plane.

39
Auxiliary projection

40
Auxiliary projection

41
Drawing Standard
 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

43
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

44
Partial List of Drawing Standards
Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning

45
 Standards
Organizations involved in developing the standards for
technical drawings:
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education)
 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)
 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
 ISO (International Standards Organization)

American National Standard Drafting Manual

 Some Important ANSI standards
• ANSI Y14.1 (1980) Drawing Sheet Size and Format.
• ANSI Y14.2M (1979) Line Conventions and Lettering.
• ANSI Y14.3 (1975) Multiview and Sectional View Drawings
• ANSI Y14.5M (1982-1994) Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
• ANSI Y14.6 (1978) Screw Thread Representation
• ANSI Y14.6aM (1981) Screw Thread Representation (Metric
Supplement)
• ANSI Y14.7.1 & Y14.7.2 (1978) Gear Drawing Standards

Internet Explorer.lnk
ANSI Standard Sheet Sizes & typical title block
layouts
 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0

49
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
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 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size

51
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.

52
 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

53
 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing

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Types of Line

55
 Line Conventions
• Visible Lines – solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
• Hidden Lines – short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
• Section Lines – solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
• Center Lines – alternating long and short dashes
• Dimensioning
– Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
– Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension applies
– Leaders – direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
• Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and the viewing position for removed partial views
• Break Lines – indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random “squiggled” line
or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
• Phantom Lines – long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
• Chain Line – Lines or surfaces with special requirements

56
 Viewing-plane
1 line
3Dimension 4
Center Line
2Extension Line
line 5Hidden Line

6Break Line

7Cutting-plane Line
8Visible Line

10
Center Line (of motion)

Leader
Phantom
14
Line
13
Section Line

12
SECTION A-A 11
VIEW B-B

57
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
59
Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

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 Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course

Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic

either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A.
of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.
61
Dimensioning
 Dimensioning Guidelines
The term “feature” refers to surfaces, faces, holes, slots, corners,
bends, arcs and fillets that add up to form an engineering part.

Dimensions define the size of a feature or its location relative to other

features or a frame of reference, called a datum.

The basic rules of dimensioning are:

1. Dimension where the feature contour is shown;
2. Place dimensions between the views;
3. Dimension off the views;
4. Dimension mating features for assembly;
5. Do not dimension to hidden lines;
6. Stagger dimensioning values;
7. Create a logical arrangement of dimensions;
8. Consider fabrication processes and capabilities;
9. Consider inspection processes and capabilities.
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64
Important elements of dimensioning
Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and location
dimensions and (2) Detail dimensioning

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 Geometrics
• The science of specifying and tolerancing
shapes and locations of features of on objects

66
 Geometrics
• It is important that all persons reading a
drawing interpret it exactly the same way.
• Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria:
– Basic size and locations of the features
– Details of construction for manufacturing
• Standards from ANSI (American National
Standards Institute)

67
 Scaling vs. Dimensioning
• Drawings can be a different scales, but
dimensions are ALWAYS at full scale.

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 Units of Measure

Angle Dimensions
• Length
– English - Inches, unless
otherwise stated
• Up to 72 inches – feet and
inches over
– SI – millimeter, mm
• Angle
– degrees, minutes, seconds
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Elements of a dimensioned drawing (Be familiar
with these terms

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 Arrangement of Dimensions
• Keep dimension off of the part where possible.
• Arrange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside of the smaller dimensions.
• Stagger the dimension value labels to ensure they are clearly defined.

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Dimensioning Holes

• Dimension the diameter of a hole.

• Locate the center-line.
• Use a notes and designators for repeated
hole sizes 72
Dimensioning the Radius of an Arc

Dimension an arcs by its radius.

Locate the center of the radius or two
tangents to the arc.

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Drilled Holes, Counter bores and Countersinks

• Use the depth symbol to define the

depth of a drilled hole.
• Use the depth symbol or a section
view to dimension a counter bore.
• Countersinks do not need a section
view.
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 Angles, Chamfers and Tapers

• Dimension the one vertex for an angled face, the other vertex is determined by an
intersection.
• Chamfers are generally 45 with the width of the face specified. 75
 Rounded Bars and Slots
• The rounded end of a bar or slot has a radius that is 1/2 its width.
• Use R to denote this radius, do not dimension it twice.
• Locate the center of the arc, or the center of the slot.

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 Limits of Size
• All dimensions have minimum and maximum values
specified by the tolerance block.
• Tolerances accumulate in a chain of dimensions.
• Accumulation can be avoided by using a single baseline.

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 Fit Between Parts
1. Clearance fit: The shaft maximum diameter is smaller than the hole minimum
diameter.
2. Interference fit: The shaft minimum diameter is larger than the hole maximum
diameter.
3. Transition fit: The shaft maximum diameter and hole minimum have an interference
fit, while the shaft minimum diameter and hole maximum diameter have a clearance
fit

Interference Fit Transition Fit

Clearance Fit

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Dimensioning standards

P. 79
Dimension text placement

P. 80
Unidirectional or aligned dimensioning?

81
Dual dimensioning

82
Dimensioning Basic Shapes -Assumptions

• Perpendicularity
– Assume lines that appear
perpendicular to be 90° unless
otherwise noted
• Symmetry
– If a part appears symmetrical – it is
(unless it is dimensioned
otherwise)
– Holes in the center of a cylindrical
object are automatically located

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 Dimensioning Basic Shapes

• Rectangular Prism

84
Dimensioning Basic Shapes

• Cylinders
– Positive
– Negative

85
 Dimensioning Basic Shapes
• Cone Frustum

86
 Dimensioning Basic Shapes
• Circle Pattern Center Lines

87
 Grouping Dimensions
• Dimensions should always be placed outside
the part

Yes No

88
 Dimension guidelines
Dimensions should be placed in the view that
most clearly describes the feature being
dimensioned (contour (shape) dimensioning)

89
 Dimension guidelines
Maintain a minimum A visible gap shall be
spacing between the placed between the
object and the ends of extension lines
dimension between and the feature to
multiple dimensions. which they refer.

90
 Dimension guidelines
Avoid dimensioning hidden Leader lines for diameters
lines. and radii should be radial
lines.

91
Where and how should we place dimensions
when we have many dimensions?

92
Where and how should we place dimensions
when we have many dimensions? (cont.)

93
Staggering Dimensions

• Put the lesser

dimensions closer
to the part.
• Try to reference
dimensions from
one surface
– This will depend
on the part and
how the
tolerances are
based.

94
Extension Line Practices

95
Repetitive Features

Use the Symbol ‘x’ to

Dimension Repetitive
Features

96
Symbols for Drilling Operations

97