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AC-AC Controller

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Lokesh Kumar
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40 views16 pages

AC-AC Controller

Uploaded by

Lokesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC-AC Controller

Dr. Lokesh M
Asst. Prof
Dept. of EEE, NIEIT
Introduction
AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage controllers) are
employed to vary the RMS value of the alternating voltage
applied to a load circuit by introducing Thyristors between
the load and a constant voltage ac source. The RMS value of
alternating voltage applied to a load circuit is controlled by
controlling the triggering angle of the Thyristors/Triac in the
ac voltage controller circuits.

 AC-AC converter can be categorized into Three topologies:


 AC-AC Voltage Controller Converter (AC Choppers)
 AC Cycloconverter
 Matrix Converter
 Indirect Matrix Converter (AC-DC-AC Converter)
 Direct Matrix Converter
There are two different types of thyristor control used in practice to control the ac power flow:
 On-off control
 Phase Control

 On-off control
In On-Off control technique Thyristors are used as switches to connect the load circuit to the ac supply (source) for a
few cycles of the input ac supply and then to disconnect it for few input cycles. The Thyristors thus act as a high speed
contactor (or high speed ac switch)
A single phase votage controller has input voltage of 230V , 50HZ and a load of R=15ohm.
For 6 cycles on and 4 cycles off, determine:
i. Rms output voltage.
ii. Input pf and
iii. Average and rms thyristor currents
AC Phase Voltage Control
 In phase control the Thyristors are used as switches to connect the load circuit to the
input ac supply, for a part of every input cycle.
 That is the ac supply voltage is chopped using Thyristors/Triac during a part of each
input cycle.
 The switch is turned on for a part of every half cycle, so that input supply voltage
appears across the load and then turned off during the remaining part of input half
cycle to disconnect the ac supply from the load.
 By controlling the phase angle or the trigger angle ‘α’ (delay angle), the output RMS
voltage across the load can be controlled.
We can observe from the control characteristics
and that he range of RMS output voltage control is
from 100% of VS to 70.7% of VS when we vary
the α from zero to 180 degrees. Thus the half
wave ac controller has the drawback of limited
range RMS output voltage control.
Derive an expression for DC voltage in a single-
phase AC voltage controller.
Based on the output voltage waveforms as shown aside the Vodc can be found as derived
below:
Single Phase Full Wave AC Voltage Controller
with Resistive Loads
 The problem of dc input current can be prevented by using bidirectional
control.
 During the positive half cycle of input voltage, the power flow is controlled
by varying the delay angle of thyristor T1; and thyristor T2 controls the
power flow during the negative half cycle of input voltage. The firing
pulses of T1 and T2 are kept 180 degree apart.

The main waveforms are shown below:


Continued…

 The gating circuits for thyristor T1 and T2 must bbe isolated. It s possible to have a common cathode for T1 and
T2 by adding two diodes.
 Thyrsitor T1 and D1 conduct together during the positive half cycle and T2 and D2 conduct during the negative
half cycle. This circuit can have a common terminal for gating signals of T1 and T2, only one isolation circuit is
required.
 The conduction losses of device would increase because of two power diodes

Fig: Single phase full wave controller with Fig: Single phase full wave controller with
common cathode one thyristor
Continued…
 It can also be implemented with one thyristor and four diodes.
 The four diodes act as a bridge rectifier.
 The voltage across thyristor T1 and its current are always unidirectional.
 With a resistive load, the thyristor current would fall to zero due to natural commutation in every
half-cycle.
 The bridge rectifier and thyristor act as a bidirectional switch.

Fig: Single phase full wave controller with


one thyristor
Single Phase Full wave Controller With Inductive Loads

 A single phase full wave ac voltage controller controlling the speed of a single phase ac
induction motor,

Due to the inductance in the load, the load current io flowing through
T1 would not fall to zero at ωt=π when the input supply voltage starts
to become negative. T1 will continue to conduct the load current until
all the inductive energy stored in the load inductor L is completely
utilized and the load current through T1 falls to zero at ωt=β, β where
is referred to as the Extinction angle.

T1 conducts from ωt=α to ωt=β, T1


then conduction angle δ=( β- α). δ
depends on α and the load impedance
angle ϕ.
 The short gate pulses for a controller with R loads are not suitable for inductive loads.
 When T2 is fired at wt= π+α, T1 is still conducting due to load inductance.
 By the time current of T1 falls to zero and T1 is turned off at wt=β=α+δ, the gate pulse of
T2 has already ceased and consequently, T2 cannot be turned on.
 As a result, T1 operates causing asymmetric waveforms of output voltage and current.
This difference can be resolved by using continuous gate signals with a duration of (π-α).
 However continuous gate pulses increases switching losses and requires a larger isolating
transformer for the gating circuit.
Discontinuous load current operation occurs for α>ϕ and β< π+ α

A continuous load current and the output voltage


waveform appears as a continuous sine wave
identical to the input supply voltage waveform for
trigger angle α≤ϕ. We lose the control on the output
voltage
RMS Output Voltage:
for α>ϕ the load current and load voltage waveforms become discontinuous.

Output Current
for (Inductive Load) during T1 conduction:
At ωt=α, io=0Amp, hence
Calculate Extinction Angle β

At ωt=β, io=0Amp, hence,

Performance Parameters
RMS Output voltage Load Current

The Average Thyristor Current


A single phase full wave ac voltage controller supplies an RL load. The input supply voltage is 230V,
RMS at 50Hz. The load has L = 10mH, R = 10Ω, the delay angle of SCR 1 and 2 are equal, where α1=
α2=π/3 Determine
a. Conduction angle of the thyristor .
b. RMS output voltage.
c. The input power factor.
Comment on the type of operation.

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