Program: B.
tech , Branch: CSE-D
Semester: 4th ,(Jan-June)2024
CS 404
Comp. Organisation & Architecture
TOPIC – Microprogrammed Control Unit
ABCA Activity-1
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Dr. Pradeep Yadav Sir Yogesh Yadav
Asst Prof. 0905CS221233
Computer Science Department
Outlines
• Introduction
• What is Microprogrammed Control Unit ?
• Characteristics of MCU
• Difference between Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Unit
• Instruction Words
• Advantages of MCU
• Disadvantages of MCU
• Conclusion
Introduction
• A microprogrammed control unit stores binary control values as words in
memory.
• A controller creates the instructions to be performed by producing a
certain set of signals with each system clock beat.
• Each one of these output signals causes a single micro-operation, such as
register transfer.
• As a result, defined micro-operations that can be preserved in memory
are formed from the sets of control signals.
What is Microprogrammed Control Unit ?
• The programming approach is used to implement a microprogrammed
control unit.
• A program made up of microinstructions is used to carry out a series
of micro-operations.
• The control unit’s control memory stores a microprogram composed of
microinstructions.
• The creation of a set of control signals is dependent on the execution
of a microinstruction.
Characteristics of Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU)
• The microinstruction address is specified in the control memory
address register.
• All the control information is saved in the control memory, which is
considered to be a ROM.
• The microinstruction received from memory is stored in the control
register.
• A control word in the microinstruction specifies one or multiple
micro-operations for a data processor.
Difference between Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Unit
Attributes Hardwired Control Unit Microprogrammed Control
Unit
Speed Fast Slow
Cost of Implementation More Cheaper
Flexibility Not flexible , difficult to modify for new Flexible , New instruction can be easily
instruction added
Decoding Complex Easy
Application RISC Microprocessor CISC Microprocessor
Control Memory Absent Present
Instruction Set Size Small Large
Instruction Words
The following instruction words are normally fetched into the
instruction register in micro-programmed control units. The operation
code of each instruction, on the other hand, is not directly decoded to
enable instant control signal generation;
• Using a Single-level Control Store
• Using a Two-level Control Store
Using a Single-level Control Store
• The instruction opcode from the instruction register is sent to the
control store address register.
• Based on this address, the first microinstruction of a microprogram
that interprets the execution of this instruction is read into the
microinstruction register
Using a Single-level Control Store
Using a Two-level Control Store
1.Microinstruction Control Store:
• The microinstruction control store is where the microprograms reside. These
microprograms contain sequences of microinstructions that guide the
execution of instructions.
• Each microinstruction corresponds to a specific operation or control signal.
• The microinstruction control store is typically accessed by a microsequencer.
• In this setup, microinstructions do not directly contain encoded control
signals; instead, they serve as a higher-level representation of the steps needed
to execute an instruction
Using a Two-level Control Store
2.Nano-instruction Memory (Second Level):
• In a two-level control store, we introduce an additional memory called the
nano-instruction memory.
• Unlike microinstructions, nano-instructions are more fine-grained and directly
encode control signals.
• The nano-instruction memory complements the microinstruction control store
by providing detailed control signals for specific sub-units within the
processor.
• These nano-instructions are used to generate the necessary control signals for
execution units, data buffers, registers, and other components within the CPU
Using a Two-level Control Store
Advantages of MCU
• It allows for a more methodical control unit design.
• It’s easier to troubleshoot and modify.
• It can keep the control function’s fundamental structure.
• It can make the control unit’s design easier. As a result, it is less expensive and
less prone to errors or glitches.
• It has the ability to design in a methodical and ordered manner.
• It is used to control software-based functions rather than hardware-based
functions.
• It’s more adaptable.
• It is used to do complex functions with ease.
Disadvantages of MCU
• Adaptability comes at a higher price.
• It is comparatively slower than a control unit that is hardwired.
• Altering microinstructions (e.g., bug fixes, feature enhancements) requires
modifying the control memory.
• Microinstructions are executed sequentially.
• Designing an efficient control store organization can be challenging.
