Chapter 3

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

By Lake F.
 What is artificial intelligence?
2

Artificial means "man-made"

• An object, substance, tools or an app that are created through human
intervention or manipulation.

Intelligence is "thinking power“ or “the ability to learn.

 Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

• Thinking power

• Think abstractly, reason, plan, solve problems and adapt to new situations

 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.

 Experience is the knowledge gained through training.

What is artificial intelligence?
3

So, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy human

intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science
by which we can create intelligent machines which can:
 behave like a human

 think like humans, and

 able to make decisions.

What is artificial intelligence?
4

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as is the development of new

machines or computer system that can perform tasks that
required human intelligence, such as:
 Visual perception

 Speech recognition

 Decision making and

 Language translation.
 Cont..
5

 AI exists when a machine can have human-based skills like:

• Learning and Reasoning

• Solving problems
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence

 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.

 agent (human or robot) perceive its environment through

sensors.
The Need for Artificial Intelligence
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To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent

behavior with the capability to:
• Learn, demonstrate, explain, and advise its users.
Helping machines to find solutions
• For complex problems like humans do and applying them
as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
The main Goals of Artificial Intelligence
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 Replicate human intelligence.

 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks.

 An intelligent connection of perception and action.

 Building a machine which can perform tasks like

• Proving a theorem, Playing chess and Driving a car in traffic.

 Creating system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,

• Learn new things by itself, demonstrate, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
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 Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain that

is a combination of :
• Reasoning, • perception,

• learning, • language

• problem-solving, understanding
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
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To make a machine learn and make a decision like

humans,
AI requires the knowledge of some disciplines.

Write down some disciplines which AI requires?

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
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What do we get from using AI technology instead of

previous reactive technology?

The following are some the advantages of AI

 High reliability  Useful for risky areas

 High Accuracy with  Digital Assistant
fewer errors  Useful as a public utility
 High-Speed  Solve problems
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
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Engineering is a tradeoff; improving in one aspect

will lead you to worsen or deteriorating in another
aspect

The following are some the disadvantages of AI

o High Cost machines
o Can't think out of the box o No Original Creativity
o No feelings and emotions o Few experienced programmers
o Increase dependence on
 History of AI
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Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new

technology for researchers.
This technology is much older than you would
imagine.
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 Levels of AI
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1. Rule-Based Systems

 Covering everything from business software and domestic

appliances to aircraft autopilots.

2. Context Awareness and Retention

 Algorithms that develop information about the specific

domain. They are trained on the knowledge and experience

of the best humans, and their knowledge

 Cont.…
16

3. Domain-Specific Expertise

 Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build

up expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes

of information.

4. Reasoning Machines
Algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to

themselves and others they have a sense of beliefs,

knowledge, and how their own logic works.
 Cont.…
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5. Self Aware Systems

 These systems have human-like intelligence.

6. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

 AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent

humans in every domain.

Types of AI
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 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types.

 There are mainly two types of the main categorization

which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of

AI.
 Type I(Based on Capabilities)
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1. Narrow AI(weak AI)

 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a

dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and

currently available AI is Narrow AI.
 Example:

 Google translate

 Self-driving cars

 Speech recognition

 Image recognition
 Cont.…
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2. General AI:

 It is a type of intelligence that could perform any

intellectual task with efficiency like a human.

 Currently, there is no such system exists which

could come under general AI and can’t perform

any task as perfect as a human.

 Cont.…
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3. Super/Strong AI:
 Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could exceed

human intelligence.
 Can perform any task better than a human with cognitive

properties.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include:

 The ability to think

 Make judgments
 Plan, learn, …
 Type II(Based on the functionality)
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1.
Reactive Machines

Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of AI

 Such AI systems do not store past experiences for future

actions.

2. Limited Memory

Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some

data for a short period of time.

Self-driving cars are one of the best example.

 Cont.…
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3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines is still not developed.

4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.

 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own

consciousness, sentiments, and self awareness.

 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

 does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

 How humans think ?
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 The goal of many researchers is to create strong AI that learns like

a human and can solve general problems as the human brain does.

 Intelligence or cognitive process is composed of three main

stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.

 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding.

 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and

interpreted and evaluated.

 Mapping human thinking to AI components
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 In the first stage, humans acquire information from their

surrounding environments through human senses, such as:

 sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human

organs, such as eyes, ears, and hands.

 The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating

the input data.

 The third stage is related to taking action and making

decisions.
 Applications of AI
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 Agriculture: Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics,

solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.

 Healthcare: Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a

better and faster diagnosis than humans.

 Education: AI chatbot can communicate with students as a

teaching assistant.

 Finance: Implementing automation, adaptive intelligence, and

machine learning into financial processes.

 Cont.…
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Data Security: To make your data more safe and secure.

 Social Media: Social Media sites such as Facebook and

Twitter contain billions of user profiles

 This need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.

 AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.

 AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends,

hashtags, and requirements of different users.
 Cont.…
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 Robotics: Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics.

 General robots are programmed such that they can perform some
repetitive task

 We can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with

their own experiences without pre programmed.

 Recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia

has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
 AI tools and platforms
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AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware

architecture or software framework, that allows the

software to run.

It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks.

 The platform simulates the cognitive function that

human minds perform.

 Cont.…
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Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and

simplistic workflows.
These algorithms can include functionality for image

recognition and natural language processing.

AI platforms are frequently used by developers to

create both the learning algorithm and intelligent

application.
 Cont.…
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 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most

difficult problems in computer engineering like:

✓ Search and optimization

✓ Logic

✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning

✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods

✓ Neural networks

✓ Languages
 Cont.…
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 The most common artificial intelligence platforms include:

 Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning,

 Google Cloud Prediction API,

 TensorFlow,

 Pytorch

 Wipro HOLMES, and so on.

 Sample AI application
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Email:

 Spam Filters and

 Smart Email Categorization

Social networking:

Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the

service automatically highlights faces and suggests

friends tag.
 Cont.…
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Interest: uses computer vision, an application of AI

where computers are taught to automatically identify

objects in images.
Instagram: uses machine learning to identify the

contextual meaning of emoji, which have been

steadily replacing slang.
 Cont.…
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Online shopping
 Search - Your Amazon searches quickly return a list of the

most relevant products related to your search.

Mobile use
 Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is

voice-to-text. By pressing a button or saying a particular phrase

(“Ok Google”, for example), you can start speaking and your
phone converts the audio into text.
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Thank You!