Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-111)

Lecture-6
Kirchhoff's Laws

Dr. Imtiaz Hussain

Assistant Professor (Control Systems),
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]
URL :http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

Fall 2021
1st Semester

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 Lecture Outline
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
– Kirchhoff’s Current Law
– Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Kirchhoff’s laws were first introduced in 1847 by the German

physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

• These laws are formally known as

• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation of charge,
which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system
cannot change.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the

algebraic sum of currents entering or leaving a node
is zero.

𝑁
• Mathematically ∑ 𝑖 𝑛=0
𝑛=1
where,

• N is the number of branches connected to the node

• in is the nth current entering (or leaving) the node 4
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• By this law, currents entering a node may be regarded as positive, while
currents leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice versa.

• By rearranging the terms, we get

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• A simple application of KCL is combining

current sources in parallel.

𝐼 𝑇 = 𝐼 1+(− 𝐼 2 )+ 𝐼 3

• The combined current is the algebraic sum of

the current supplied by the individual sources.

𝐼 𝑇 =𝐼 1 − 𝐼 2 + 𝐼 3

• A circuit can not contain two different currents and in series , unless

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

∑ 𝑣𝑚 =0
𝑚=1

where,
• is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of
branches in the loop)

• is the voltage.

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• The sign on each voltage is the polarity of the terminal
encountered first as we travel around the loop.

• Suppose we start with the voltage source and go clockwise around

the loop as shown; then voltages would be -v1, v2, v3, -v4, and v5, in
that order.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• Rearranging terms gives

• which may be interpreted as

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• When voltage sources are connected in series, KVL can be applied
to obtain the total voltage. The combined voltage is the algebraic
sum of the voltages of the individual sources.

𝑉 𝑎𝑏=𝑉 1 +𝑉 2 − 𝑉 3

𝑉 𝑠 =𝑉 𝑎𝑏=𝑉 1 +𝑉 2 − 𝑉 3
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 Example-6.1
• For the circuit in figure below find voltages and .

• Solution: To find and we apply Ohm’s Law and KVL. Assume that current
flows through the loop as shown in figure (b).

• From Ohm’s law (),

𝑣 1= 2𝑖 𝑣 2= −3 𝑖
• Applying KVL around the loop gives

−2 0 +𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 =0
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 Example-6.1 𝑣 1= 2𝑖
−2 0 +𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 =0
𝑣 2= −3 𝑖
• Substituting values

−2 0 +2 𝑖−(− 3 𝑖)=0
−2 0 +2 𝑖+3 𝑖=0
5 𝑖=20
𝑖=4 𝐴
• Calculate and

𝑣 1= 2× 4= 8 𝑉
𝑣 2=−3 × 4=− 12𝑉

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 Example-6.2
• Determine and in the circuit given below.

• Solution: We apply KVL around the loop as shown in figure (b).

−1 2+ 4 𝑖+ 2𝑣 𝑜 − 4 − 𝑣 𝑜=0

• Applying Ohm’s law to the resistor gives

𝑣 𝑜 =−6 𝑖

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 Example-6.2
• Substitute in following equation
−1 2+ 4 𝑖+ 2𝑣 𝑜 − 4 − 𝑣 𝑜=0

−1 2+ 4 𝑖 −12 𝑖 −4 +6 𝑖=0
−16 − 2 𝑖=0
𝑖=−8 𝐴
• can now be calculated as
𝑣 𝑜 =−6 𝑖
𝑣 𝑜 =−6 × −8
𝑣 𝑜 =48 𝑉

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 Example-6.3
• Find current and voltage in the circuit given below.

Here the current(0.5i and 3) are in parallel

• Solution: Applying KCL to node so we add them and which is equal to i
3+ 0.5 𝑖𝑜 =𝑖𝑜
𝑖𝑜 =6 𝐴

• Applying Ohm’s law to the resistor gives

𝑣 𝑜 =4 𝑖𝑜
𝑣 𝑜 =24 𝑉
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 Example-6.4
• Find currents and voltages in the circuit given below.

• Solution: Applying KCL to node

𝑖1= 𝑖2 +𝑖3
• Applying KVL to loop 1

− 30 +𝑣 1 +𝑣 2= 0
• We express this in terms of currents

− 30 +8 𝑖1 +3 𝑖 2=0
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 Example-6.4
• Applying KVL to loop 2 (Voltage in parallel is same)

𝑣 2= 𝑣 3
3 𝑖2 =6 𝑖3

• Now you have 3 equation and 3 unknowns

𝑖1= 𝑖2 +𝑖3 (a)
− 30 +8 𝑖1 +3 𝑖 2=0 (b)
3 𝑖2 =6 𝑖3 (c)
• Re-arrange eq (b) for and eq (c) for
30 − 3 𝑖2
𝑖1=
8
1
𝑖3 = 𝑖
2 2 17
 Example-6.4
• Substituting and in equation (a)

𝑖1= 𝑖2 +𝑖3
30 − 3 𝑖2 1
=𝑖 2+ 𝑖2
8 2
• Simplifying it further yields

30 − 3 𝑖2=8 𝑖 2+ 4 𝑖2
15 𝑖2= 30

𝑖2 =2 𝐴
• From the value of we can calculate rest of the circuit parameters.

30 − 3 𝑖2 30 − 3 × 2
𝑖1= = =3 𝐴
8 8
1 1
𝑖3 = 𝑖2= × 2= 1 𝐴
2 2
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 Example-6.4
𝑖1= 3 𝐴 𝑖2 =2 𝐴 𝑖3 =1 𝐴

• Voltages can be calculated using Ohm’s law

𝑣 1= 8 𝑖1= 8× 3=24 𝑉

𝑣 2= 3 𝑖2= 3× 2= 6 𝑉

𝑣 3 =6 𝑖3 =6 × 1=6 𝑉
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 Exercise Problems
• For the circuit in figure below find voltages and . Done on last of
practice(fair) journal

• For the circuit in figure below find voltages and .

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 Exercise Problems
• Find current and voltage in the circuit given below.

• Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Figure

below.
Done on last of
practice(fair)
journal

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Exercise Problems from the Text
Book
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
By Alexander and Sadiku

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 Q# 2.9
• Find unknown branch currents (, and )

• Solution: Apply KCL at required node A

𝑖1= 1+ 6=7 𝐴
• Now, Apply KCL at node C
7=2+𝑖 3
𝑖3 =5 𝐴
• Finally, apply KCL at node B
6=7 +𝑖2
𝑖2 =−1 𝐴 23
 Q# 2.12
• In the following circuit find , and .

• Solution: Apply KVL in all three loops.

• Loop-1: − 40 − 50 +20+ 𝑣1 =0 Loop-2

• Loop-2: 3 0 − 20 −𝑣 =0
2 Loop-1 Loop-3

• Loop-3: − 𝑣 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 = 0
1 2 3
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 Q# 2.12
− 40 − 50 +20+ 𝑣1 =0 3 0 − 20 −𝑣 2 =0 − 𝑣1 + 𝑣 2+ 𝑣 3= 0

• , and can be determined from these equations

𝑣 1=70 𝑉
𝑣 2= 10 𝑉

𝑣 3 =60 𝑉

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 Q# 2.15
• Calculate and in the following circuit.

• Solution: Apply KVL in both loops.

• Loop-1: −10 +v + 4=0

• Loop-2: − 4 +16+ 3𝑖 = 0 Loop-1 Loop-2

𝑥

v=6 𝑉 𝑖 𝑥 =− 4 𝐴
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 Q# 2.18
• Calculate and in the following circuit.

• Solution: Apply KVL around the loop.

−30 +3 𝐼 − 10+5 𝐼 +8=0

𝐼 =4 𝐴
• is sum of voltage drops across resistor and supply.
𝑉 𝑎𝑏=5 × 4 +8

𝑉 𝑎𝑏=28 𝑉
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END OF LECTURE-6

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