Structured Programming
CSE1201
Course Teacher: Jannatul Ferdous Ruma
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Structure of C Program
A C program basically consists of the following parts:
• Preprocessor Commands
• Functions
• Variables
• Statements & Expressions
• Comments
Structure of C Program
Preprocessor
Commands
Main Function
Comment
Library
Function End of
Program
Preprocessor Commands
These commands tells the compiler to do preprocessing before
doing actual compilation.
Like #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command which
tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual
compilation.
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Functions
• Functions are main building blocks of any C Program.
• Every C Program will have one or more functions and there is one
mandatory function which is called main() function.
• The C Programming language provides a set of built-in functions.
• In the above example printf() is a C built-in function which is used to
print anything on the screen.
Comments
• Comments are used to give additional useful information
inside a C Program.
• All the comments will be put inside /*...*/ as given in the
example above.
• A comment can span through multiple lines.
/* comment for multiple line */
// single line comment
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Variable and Variable Declaration
• Variable is a named memory location that can hold various values.
• All variables must be declared before they can be used.
• When we declare a variable, we tell the compiler what type of
variable is being used.
• A declaration associates a group of variables with a specific data type.
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Structure of C Program
Preprocessor
Commands
Main Function
Comment
Library
Function End of
Program
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C’s Basic Data Type
Type Keyword format Memory
Specifier Requirements
Character data char %c 1 Byte
Signed whole numbers int %d 2 or 4 Byte
Floating-point numbers float %f 4 Byte
Double-precision floating- double %lf 8 Byte
point number
valueless void ---
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How to Declare Variables
• To declare a variable, use this general form:
type var-name;
• In C, a variable declaration is a statement and it must end in
a semicolon (;).
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Variable
• Variables consist of letters and digits, in any order, except that the
first character must be a letter.
• Both upper-and lowercase letters are permitted, though common
usage favors the use of lowercase letters for most types of variables.
• Upper- and lowercase letters are not interchangeable (i.e., an
uppercase letter is not equivalent to the corresponding lowercase
letter.)
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Variable (cont.)
• The underscore character (_) can also be included, and is considered
to be a letter.
• An underscore is often used in the middle of an variable.
• A variable may also begin with an underscore, though this is rarely
done in practice.
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Variable (cont.)
• Case-sensitive
• COUNT and count are not same
• As a rule, an identifier should contain enough characters so that its
meaning is readily apparent.
• On the other hand, an excessive number of characters should be
avoided.
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Variable (Cont.)
Can not Use blank space
Can use letter of
Can not Use any keyword
alphabet (A-Z, a-z)
The first character must
Variable Digits (0-9)
be a letter
Can not start a variable
name with digit Underscore (_)
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Is it Valid Variable Name?
Apon 1joty
joty-5
apon
apon123 this_is_a_long_name
_sojeb_1 VaReNdRa
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Is it Valid Variable Name?
4th The first character must be letter
“x” Illegal characters (“)
Order-no Illegal characters (-)
My variable Illegal characters (blank space)
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Identifiers
• Identifiers are names that are given to various program elements,
such as variables, functions and arrays.
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Keywords
• There are certain reserved words, called Keywords, that have
standard, predefined meaning in C
• Can be used only for their intended purpose
• Can't use as identifiers
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Keywords
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Expressions
• An expression is a combination of operators and operands.
• C expressions follow the rule of algebra
Expression Operator
Arithmetic Expression +, -, *, /, %
Logical Expression AND, OR, NOT
Relational ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
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Assign value to variable
• To assign a value to a variable, put its name to the left of an equal sign (=).
• Put the variable you want to give the variable to the right of the equal sign.
• It is a statement, so end with a ‘;’
variable value
;
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Input Numbers From Keyboard
• There are several methods
• The easiest is – scanf() function.
• Input from Keyboard
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Escape Sequences
• There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a
backslash (\) they will have special meaning.
• They are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t).
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Defining Constants
• There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
• Using #define preprocessor.
• Using const keyword.
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Using #define preprocessor
• Following is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a
constant:
• Symbolic constants are usually defined at the beginning of a program.
• Name of the constant • Constant value
• Can be any valid identifier name • Can be character/numeric/string
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Using #define preprocessor
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Symbolic Constants
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Variables Types
• There are two types of variables in c program they are,
• Local variable
• Global variable
Global Variables
• These variables are declared /*
/* Compute
Compute Area
circle
circle */*/
Area and
and Perimeter
Perimeter of
of aa
outside all functions. #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
float
float pi
pi == 3.14159;
3.14159; /* /* Global
Global */
*/
• Life time of a global variable is int
int main()
main() {{
the entire execution period of float
float area;
int rad
area; /*
= 5;
/* Local
Local */
*/
int rad = 5;
the program. area
area == pi
pi ** rad
printf("%f",
rad ** rad;
area);
rad;
printf("%f", area);
• Can be accessed by any function. return
return 0;
0;
}}
Local Variables
• These variables are declared /*
/* Compute
Compute Area
circle */
circle */
Area and
and Perimeter
Perimeter of
of aa
inside some functions. #include
#include <stdio.h>
<stdio.h>
• Life time of a local variable is the int
int main()
main() {{
float
float pi
pi == 3.14159;
3.14159;
entire execution period of the float
float area; /*
int rad
area;
= 5;
/* Local
Local */
*/
int rad = 5;
function in which it is defined. area
area == pi
pi ** rad
printf("%f",
rad ** rad;
area);
rad;
printf("%f", area);
• Cannot be accessed by any other return
return 0;
0;
function. }}
• In general variables declared
inside a block are accessible only
in that block.
SCOPE OF VARIABLE : GLOBAL VARIABLE
• The scope of global variables will be throughout the program. These
variables can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
• This variable is defined outside the main function. So that, this
variable is visible to main function and all other sub functions.
SCOPE OF VARIABLE : GLOBAL VARIABLE
#include<stdio.h>
void test();
int m = 22, n = 44;
int a = 50, b = 80;
Output
int main() From main function
{ values : m = 22 : n = 44 : a = 50 : b = 80
printf("From main function"); From test function
printf("\nvalues: m=%d:n=%d:a=%d:b=%d", values : m = 22 : n = 44 : a = 50 : b = 80
m,n,a,b);
test();
}
void test()
{
printf("\n\nFrom test function");
printf("\nvalues: m=%d:n=%d:a=%d:b=%d",
m,n,a,b);
}
Type Conversion
• A type cast is basically a conversion from one type to another. There are two types
of type conversion:
• Implicit Type Conversion Also known as ‘automatic type conversion’.
• Done by the compiler on its own, without programmers intervention.
• All the data types of the variables are upgraded to the data type of the variable
with largest data type
Type Conversion (Example)
#include<stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() main ()
{ {
int x = 10; // integer x int a;
char y = 'a'; // character c a = 15/6;
x = x + y; // ‘a’ ascii is 97 printf("%d",a);
float z = x + 1.0; }
printf("x = %d, z = %f", x, z);
return 0;
}
Output: Output:
x = 107, z = 108.000000 2
Implicit Type Conversion
i (int) = 7, f (float)= 5.5, c (char) = ‘w’.
Expression Value Type
i+f 12.5 Float
i+c 126 Integer
i + c – ‘0’ 78 Integer
(i + c) – (2 * f / 123.8 Float
5)
Implicit Type Conversion
● An operation between char and int will result in int.
● An operation between float and double will result in double.
● An operation between float and long double will result in long double.
● An operation between float and char or int will result in float
Explicit Type Conversion
● This process is also called type casting and it is user defined.
● Here the user can type cast the result to make it of a particular data type.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
double x = 1.2;
int sum = (int)x + 1; // Explicit conversion from double to int
printf("sum = %d", sum);
return 0;
}
Output:
sum = 2
EXPRESSION
In programming, an expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a
value.
C Programming Provides its own rules of Expression, whether it is legal expression
or illegal expression. For example, in the C language x+5 is a legal expression.
Every expression consists of at least one operand and can have one or more
operators.
Operands are values and Operators are symbols that represent particular actions.
Types of Expression
Type Explanation Example
Infix Operand1 Operator Operand2 a>b
Prefix Operator Operand1 Operand2 >ab
Postfix Operand1 Operand2 Operator ab>
STATEMENT
A statement causes the computer to carry out some action.
o Types of Statement:
There are three types of statement in C.
1. Expression Statement: The simplest kind of statement in C is an expression (followed by a
semicolon, the terminator for all simple statements).
Examples: a=3; c= a+b; ++i; printf(“area= %f”, area); etc
STATEMENT
2. Compound Statement: A compound statement consists of several individual statements enclosed
within a pair of braces { }.
Examples:
if(radius>0)
{
float pi = 3.1416;
circumference = 2 * pi * radius;
Area = pi * radius * radius;
}
STATEMENT
3. Control Statement: A control statement are used to create special program features, such as
logical tests, loops, and branches.
Examples:
while(count<= n )
{
printf(“x=“);
scanf(“%f”, &x);
sum += x;
++count;
}
EXPRESSION AND STATEMENT
Expression Statement
a+b a = 3;
x=y x = y;
c=a+b c = a + b;
x<=y printf (“%d”, n);
x == y ; // NULL Statement
++i ++i;
