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Sample, Its Importance & Developing A Sampling

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7 views15 pages

Sample, Its Importance & Developing A Sampling

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abinashpoudel075
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sample, its

Importance
& developing
a Sampling
Plan
PRESENTERS
AARUSHI JAISWAL (1)
AARYA JHA (2)
ABINASH POUDEL (3)
Sample
▪ A sample is a unbiased and representative subset
of a larger population.
▪ In the context of research, a population refers to the
entire group that is the subject of the study, and a
sample is a smaller group selected from that
population to represent it.
▪ It is a group of elements that actually participated
in the study.
▪ Sample represents the characteristics of the entire
population.
Some basic terminologies
1] Population: A population is the totality of the objects under study. It is the
entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested.
◦ E.g. Professors in Nepal with diabetes.

For practical purpose, a population may be decomposed into 2 components :


A] Target Population : entire population in which the researcher is interested.
◦ E.g. Diabetic professors of Tribhuvan University.
B] Accessible Population : composed of cases from the target population that
are accessible to the researcher as study participants.
E.g. Diabetic professors in Ratna Rajyalaxmi Campus.
Some basic terminologies
2] Element:
▪ It refers to an individual unit or member of the population under study about
which the information is desired.
▪ It is one single entity within the larger group that is the subject of the research.
Elements can be people, objects, data points, or any unit that makes up the entire
population.
▪ When elements are persons, they are referred to as subjects or participants.
▪ In our example, an element is a registered professor in Tribhuvan University.
Some basic terminologies
3] Sampling Unit :
▪ A sampling unit is an element, or a unit containing the element, that is available
for selection at some stage of the sampling process.
▪ It is a non-overlapping collection of elements from the population.
▪ In our example, sampling unit may be the households, quarter or colony of
professors.
Some basic terminologies
4] Sample Size: Number of elements contained in a sample. It is denoted by ‘n’.
5] Sampling: Process of selecting a representative unit of population (sample) for
the study.
6] Sampling Frame: A sampling frame is a list of every element in your
population. It is a comprehensive list of everyone or anything you wish to learn.
Importance of Sampling
1] Economize study: Sampling helps to study the population with minimum effort
of time, expense, resource, etc.
2] Improve the quality of data: Handling the information form only a part of
population helps the researcher to maintain and update the quality and accuracy of
the research work.
3] To estimate the population parameters: Sampling helps to estimate
population parameters using suitable statistic methods.
4] To test statistical hypothesis: Testing of hypothesis is done on the basis of
sample statistic.
Importance of Sampling
5] Most scientific method.
6] Most suited in case of large population.
7] It is the only method to those situations where census method cannot be used.
For e.g.: to estimate the number of RBCs in the blood of a person per cc.
Limitations of sampling
1] Require services of experts, otherwise incorrect or misleading results will be
obtained.
2] In case the units of population are spread over a large area this method cannot be
used.
3] If sample size is small, sampling does not provide the representative of the
population.
4] Sample if wrongly taken leads to wrong analysis and interpretation.
Developing a Sampling Plan for Community
Health Diagnosis:

1. Define Objectives:
- Clearly outline the goals and objectives of the community health diagnosis.
Determine the specific health indicators or issues to be assessed.
2. Identify Target Population:
- Define the population of interest. This could include demographics like age,
gender, socioeconomic status, and relevant health characteristics.
3. Specify Sampling Frame:
- Develop a comprehensive list or map of the community, considering factors like
residential areas, local institutions, and community organizations. This will serve as
the sampling frame.
Developing a Sampling Plan for Community
Health Diagnosis:
4. Choose Sampling Method:
- Select an appropriate sampling method based on program goals. Common methods include:
- Stratified Sampling: Divide the population into subgroups (strata) and randomly sample from
each.
- Cluster Sampling: Divide the population into clusters and randomly select entire clusters.
- Convenience Sampling: Choose participants based on accessibility.
5. Determine Sample Size:
- Calculate the required sample size based on statistical considerations, ensuring it is
representative of the larger community. Consider factors like confidence level, margin of error, and
variability in health indicators.
Developing a Sampling Plan for Community
Health Diagnosis:
6. Randomization:
- If using random sampling, employ a reliable randomization technique to ensure
every individual in the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected.
7. Ethical Considerations:
- Address ethical concerns, including informed consent, confidentiality, and
privacy. Develop protocols for obtaining consent and safeguarding participant
information.
8. Pilot Testing:
- Implement a small-scale pilot test to assess the feasibility of the sampling plan.
Identify and resolve any practical issues that may arise during full-scale
implementation.
PILOT TESTING
Pilot testing, in the context of research and public health, refers to a small-scale
trial or preliminary study conducted to assess the feasibility, time, cost, risk, and
adverse effects of a particular methodology or intervention before implementing it
on a larger scale. It involves running through the research process or intervention
with a small sample to identify and address any potential issues or challenges that
may arise during the full-scale study.
REFERENCES
1. Rastogi, V. B. (2009). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
2. “Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics" by Moyses Szklo and F. Javier Nieto
● Chapter 7: "Surveillance of Health and Disease."
3. "Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice" by CDC
● Lesson 6: "Epidemiologic Study Designs."
3. "Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health Services" by Ann Bowling
● Chapter 9: "Surveys and Sampling in Research and Practice."
4. "Sampling Techniques" by William G. Cochran
● Chapter 10: "Pilot Surveys and Pre-testing of Questions.“
THANK YOU !

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