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Demo Grad 12 Prob

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26 views37 pages

Demo Grad 12 Prob

Uploaded by

dixy.dom4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

• What is probability?
• Basic terms
• Probability formula
• Tree diagram
• Finding probability using Venn diagram
• Addition law of probability
• Independent and dependent events
Probability of an event (like getting a heads/tails or getting number form 1 to 6 while rolling a
dice) is the value of how likely that event is going to happen or Probability is the chance that
some event will occur.
Basic terms
◦ Outcome: is a possible result in a probability experiment/ single result expected.
◦ Event: is one outcome or a collection of outcomes.
◦ Independent event: two events are independent if occurrence of each event doesn’t
affect occurrence of other.
◦ Dependent event: if occurrence of one event affects occurrence if another.
◦ Sample space : Collection of all maximum possible outcomes.
◦ Trials: number of times the experiment is repeated.
◦ Frequency: number of times the outcome is observed.
◦ Relative frequency: outcome is expressed as a fraction or percentage of total number of
trial.
◦ Mutually exclusive events: two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they have no
elements in common.
◦ Complement of an event : the collection of all outcomes in the sample space that are not
elements of the event.
Ques- When a plastic cone is tossed in air 279 times it fell on its side 183 times, and on
its base 96 times. Write number of trials, outcomes, sample space, frequency, and
relative frequency.
P(event) = number of favorable outcomes /total no. of possible outcomes

P(A) = n(A)/n(U)

Ques -A box contains 3 blue, 4 red and 8 green pens. A pen is chosen at random. Find
the probability that the chosen pen is green?
Ques- people exiting a new ride parked were asked whether they
liked the ride or not. Use the table to find probability

a) liked the ride b) is a child and disliked the ride c)is an


adult or disliked the ride
Question – A circular spinner has numbers 0 to 16 equally spaced around its edge. Assume that it
is unbiased, calculate probability of getting
a) Number 5
b) b) An even number
Tree diagrams
When more than two combined events are being considered, two-way tables cannot be used.
For example, If a coin is tossed two times, show all the possible outcomes
In winter, the probability that it rains on any one day is 5/ 7. Show all the possible
combinations for two consecutive days using a tree diagram
◦ Calculate the probability that it will rain on both days.
• Calculate the probability that it will rain on the first day but not the second day.
• Calculate the probability that it will rain on at least one day
◦ Complement of an event A is denoted by A’

◦ Intersection of set: set of elements that belongs to both the sets.


◦ Union of set: set of elements belongs to either A or B or both A & B
The following Venn diagram shows a sample
space U and events A and B.

n(U)= 36, n(A)=, n(B)= 6, n(A∪ B)’= 21

Shade region (A∪ B)’, (A∩B). Find probability


of P(A∪ B).
Ques- A group of 50 employees were surveyed regarding
their interest in music, sport, and computers. The number
of employees interested in each area is shown in the Venn
diagram.
a) interested in music
b) interested in music, sport, and computers
c) not interested in computers.
Ques- 100 students are asked what they had for breakfast on a particular morning. There were
three choices: cereal (X) , bread (Y) and fruit (Z). It is found that 10 students had all three,17
students had bread and fruit only, 15 students had cereal and fruit only, 12 students had cereal and
bread only, 13 students had only bread, 8 students had only cereal and 9 students had only fruit.
Represent the following as Venn diagram.
Addition rule : compound events where there is more than one event in our sample
space. This may be because the experiment has more than one process, or because we
are interested in more than one property of the outcome.
Ques- If P(A) =0.6, P(AUB) = 0.7, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.3, find P(B).
Ques- A and B are mutually exclusive events. If P(B)=0.45 and P(AUB)=0.8, find P(A).
Independent events: two events are independent if the occurrence of each event does not affect the
occurrence of the other.
If A and B are independent events, then P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B).
Ques- A school has two photocopiers. On any given day, machine A has an 8% chance of
malfunctioning and machine B has a 12% chance of malfunctioning. Determine the
probability that on any given day, both machines will: a) malfunction b) work effectively.
Ques- Given that events A and B are independent with P(A∩B)=0.3 and P ( A∩B′)=0.3,find
P(A∪B).
Dependent events: Two or more events are dependent if the occurrence of one of the events
does affect the occurrence of the other events.
If A and B are dependent events then P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B given that A has occurred).
Ques-box contains 4 red and 2 yellow tickets. Two tickets are randomly selected from the box
one by one without replacement. Find the probability that:
a) both are red b) the first is red and the second is yellow.
Ques -A box contains 12 identically shaped chocolates of which . Drawing three chocolates 8 are
strawberry creams. Three chocolates are selected simultaneously implies simultaneously from the
box. Determine the probability:
a) they are all strawberry creams b) none of them are strawberry creams.
Ques- Complete the following tree diagram
and find the probability that the member
of armed forces:
a) is an officer
b) is not an officer in navy
c) is not an army or air force officer
Conditional probability: the chances that some outcome (A) occurs given that
another event (B) has also occurred.
Ques-Find P(A|B) if:
a. P(A ∩ B)=0.1 and P(B)=0.4
b. P(A)=0.3, P(B)=04, and P(AUB) =0.5
c. A and B are mutually exclusive.
Ques- Out of 40 boys, 23 have dark hair, 18 have brown eyes, and 26 have dark hair, brown eyes,
or both.
a) Draw a Venn diagram to display this information.
b) One of the boys is selected at random. Determine the probability that he has:
i) dark hair and brown eyes ii) brown eyes given that he has dark hair

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