ED4153 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

IN DESIGN

BY
Dr. C.MANIKANDAN
05.12.22
UNIT – III NURBS AND SOLID
MODELLING 9 hrs
• NURBS- Basics- curves, lines, arcs, circle and bi
linear surface. Regularized Boolean set
operations - primitive instancing - sweep
representations - boundary representations .
• Constructive solid Geometry- comparison of
representations - user interface for solid
modeling.
 SOLID MODELLING
• SM is the versatile 3D modeling technique.
• Solid Models are considered as complete,
valid and unambiguous representation of
objects.
• The complete information's involved in solid
emerge the production of the objects.
• It distinguish the inside, outside and surface of
a 3D object.
 Solid Modeling
• Solid Modeling contains two types of information's
such as ‘metric’ or ‘geometric data’ and
‘connectivity‘ or ‘topological data’.
• The geometric data relate to the coordinate positions
of the entities of the object or actual dimensions that
define entities of the object.
• The topological data refers the connectivity and
associatively of the object entities.
Geometry vs Topology of Solid Models
Wireframe, Surface and Solid Models
Representation
 Solid Model Representation
• There are different forms of solid model representation;
i.Wireframe model
ii.Surface model
iii.Solid model
 Wireframe modeling:
- Joining points and curves
- It is ambiguous and unable to provide mass
property calculations.
- Unable to removal of hidden surfaces and generation
of shaded images.
- WM are used for the quick verification of design ideas.
Wire frame , Solid model and
2.5 Model
 Surface Model
• Surface Models:

• Surface models are created using points, lines and planes.

• It is unable to identify points that do not lie on the
surface.
• M.I , Volume and sections of the models cannot be
obtained.
• Surface models are shaded for better visibility.
• Surface models are used for modeling surfaces of
engineering components.
Structural 3D Modeling
 Solid Models
• Solid models are most preferred from CAD models.
• It represent unambiguous images of the
components.
• It is used to analyze the mass properties of the parts.
 Solid Modeling Entities
• Solid model entities are building blocks , also
named as primitives.
• Solid Model Packages:
»Auto CAD
»Solid Works
»Unigraphics
»IDEAS
»Pro/Engineer …. etc
 Latest CAD software's
• Sketch Up.
• On shape.
• Solid Edge.
• SOLIDWORKS.
• Fusion 360.
• AutoCAD LT.
• Shapr3D.
• Brics CAD
• Draft Sigt
 Solid Model Entities
• Solid primitives are combined by a
mathematical set of a Boolean operations to
create solid models.
• A solid modeler has a library of set of
primitives such as block, cylinder, sphere, cone
, wedge, torus etc…!
Solid Modeling Entities
 Solid Modeling Approaches
• There are two types of Solid Modeling Approaches:
»Primitive based modeling and
»Featured based modeling.
»In primitive based approaches , pre-defined
primitives are used to create complex shape solid
models.
»Boolean operations are accomplished to generate
solids. [ union of combination [U or +], intersection (∩)
and difference or subtraction ( — ).
2D BOOLEAN OPERATIONS
Boolean operations for 3D
3D Boolean operations
SOLID MODELING
 Representation of Solid model
• A part lying in 3D space can be defined as combination
of the interior, boundary and exterior of surface of
the object.
• The interior of the object can be separated by
boundary of the object.
• A solid model of the object can be mathematically
defined as a set of points ‘S’ in three dimensional
Euclidean space (E3).
• Boundary=bS; interior = iS and boundary =
complement of S and written as cS.
• S = bS + iS = bS U iS
 Representation of Solid model - properties
• The universal set of point W= S U cS = iS U bS U cS :

+ =
iS bS kS

• The solids created in geometric modeling posses the following

properties:
• Rigidity
• Homogeneous three- dimensionality
• Fitness and finite describability
• Boundary determination
• Closure under rigid motion and Boolean operation
 Representation Schemes

• A representation Scheme is defined as a relation

which maps a valid point set into valid model.
• A constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) scheme
maps the valid primitives into valid solid via
Boolean operations.
• A representation scheme operates on
“regularized sets(r-sets) to produce volid solid
models.
• The r-sets are curved polyhedral with well-
behaves boundaries.
 Representation Scheme Properties
 It is a closed regular set. There should not be
any dangling portions.
 It is a semi-analytic set. It does not oscillate
infinitely fast any where in the set.
 Based on the ability to represent an object , the
representation schemes are classified as follows:
i. Unambiguous , complete and unique:
In this representation scheme , one model is
produced by the scheme represents one and only one
object. It is the most desirable through it is not always
achievable.
 Properties….!
ii. Unambiguous , complete and not unique:
• In this representation scheme, more than one
model can represent the object. It is the most
desirable though it is not always achievable.
iii. Ambiguous , incomplete and non-unique
• In this representation scheme one model can
represent many objects.
• It is true with wire frame model.
 Properties of Ambiguous , incomplete and
non-unique
Formal property Purpose
Domain It is the geometric coverage of the scheme
Validity Producing valid solids
Completeness or un It supports the engineering analysis (FEA)
ambiguousness
Uniqueness This property is useful to determine object
equality.
Information It provides conciseness and ease of
properties creation
efficacy It ensures good accessibility to
downstream applications.
 Types of Representation Schemes
• Half-spaces
• Boundary representation (B-rep)
• Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
• Sweeping
• Analytic solid modeling
• Cell decomposition spatial enumeration
• Octree encoding
• Primitive modeling
 Advantages of Solid modeling
• Mass propertied able to calculated: M.I, C.G, volume,
weight etc.
• Un-ambiguous models.
• Cross-section of the model can be easily obtained.
• Useful to check interfacing/ clearance.
• Useful for FEA of components.
• Isometric, perspective and orthographic view can be
obtained easily.
• Aesthetic view of finished product can be visualized
in the computer screen itself.
 CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY (CSG)
• In this method, simple primitives are combined
in a certain order by means of BSO’s.
• Addition, subtraction and interaction BSO are
used.
• The data representation of CSG object is
represented by binary tree.
• The binary tree gives the complete
information.
Binary Tree
Binary Tree- Un Balanced
Binary Tree- Balanced
CSG Tree
 CSG Advantages and Dis-advantages
• The stored DATA are less, hence memory
space required is less.
• It creates fully valid solid geometrical solid
model.
• Complex shapes can be developed easily.
• Less skill enough.
• The data file of CSG is concise.
• User friendly.
• Algorithms are available convert CSG to B-rep.
 Disadvantages
• More computational effort and time are
required.
• Constructing fillet , chamber and taperness in
the model are very difficult.
• CSG data base is in unevaluated form.
• The validity of a feature of an object cannot be
assessed without evaluating the entire tree.
• The tree is not unique for the same part
design.
 BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP)

• A physical object is bounded by a set of faces.

• In this scheme, objects are constructed in
terms of its surface boundaries. Such as faces,
edges and vertices.
• The volumetric properties are calculated by
the Gauss Divergence theorem which relates
the volume integral to surface integrals.
 B-rep
• The solid model created in B-rep may be
stored in graph based on data structure
system.
 Rules followed in B-rep
• faces should be bound by a simple loop of
edges and they should be not intersected by
itself.
• Each edge should exactly adjoin two faces and
each edges should have a vertex at each end.
• At least three edges, it should meet at each
vertex.
 B-rep
• In a B-rep, the surface of the solids has its
interior and exterior.
• The surface consists of a set of well organized
faces.
• The two important areas for B-rep models are
the topological and geometrical information.
• Topological information provides the
relationship about vertices, edges and faces.
• Geometrical information is usually in terms of
equations of the edges and faces.
Difference between CSG and B-rep
 B-rep
• B-rep scheme can model a variety of solids depending on
the primitive surfaces (planar, curved, or sculptured ).
There are two typed of solid models in this scheme.
» Polyhedral solids
» Curved solids.
» polyhedral solids:
It consists of straight edges.
A non – cylindrical surfaces.
Combination of two or more non-cylindrical bodies.
 It has blind or through holes and 3D faces with no
dangling edges.
 A valid polyhedral abides by Euler’s equation.
• Euler has proved that polyhedral are homo morphic
to a sphere are topologically valid , if they satisfy
the following equations.
• F — E + V — L = 2[B-G]
• Where;
• F- No. of faces
• E- No. of edges.
• V- No. of vertices.
• L – No. of inner loops.
• B – Bodies and
• G – Genus ( handles or through holes)
B-rep: Examples
 Figure a. Cuboids
• F=6, E= 12 and V= 8; applying Euler’s rule :
• 6 – 12 +8 = 2 . Hence Euler’s rule satisfied.
• Fig b. Tetrahedron :
• F=4, E= 6 and V=4 ; as per the Euler’s rule
• 4-6+4 = 2. Hence Euler’s rule satisfied.
• Fig c. Stepped block:
• F=8, E=18 and V= 12
• 8-18 +12 = 2 . Hence Euler’s rule satisfied.
 B rep (open solids)
• Open solids are not homomorphic to a sphere satisfy the
following of Euler formula;
• F-E+V-L = B-G
• In this equation B refers to an open body such as wire, an area
or a volume.
• For simple solids without holes should satisfy the following
Euler’s rule:
• F–E+V=2
• For bodies with holes and re-entrant face, should satisfy Euler-
Poincare formula;
• F-E+V-H +2P = 2B
• Where, H – No. of holes or interiors edge loops.
• P – No. of passages or through holes
B - No. of separate bodies.
 Curved Surfaces

• A curved solid is similar to a polyhedral object

but it has curved faces and edges.
• Cylinders and spheres are the examples.
• For sphere: F=1, V=1 and E=0
• For cylinder: F=3, E=3 and V=2.
• Various elements or primitives of B-rep are as
follows:
• Vertex, Edge, Face, Loop, Body, Boundary hole
• Interior hole, genus.
 Need of B-rep

• In CSG , the number of primitives are available

is limited but it is not so in B-rep.
• The performance of B-rep is superior.
• Conversion of CSG to B-rep is possible.
• Combining of wire frame model and surface
model is possible.
 B-rep Advantages
• Computational effort and time required to
display the model are less compared with CSG.
• Combining wire frame and surface model are
possible.
• The information is complete especially for
adjacent topology relations.
• Complex models can be easily modeled.
• It is suitable for the internal symmetry parts.
Etc…..!
 B-rep Dis -advantages
• Requires more memory
• The Data structure is complex compare to
CSG.
• B-rep model does not provide any explicit
information spatial constrains between
features.
• It is less robust than half-spaced method.
• Geometrically valid solids are not possible.
• Conversion of B-rep to CSG is not possible.
 THANK YOU
• REFERENCES:
1. CAD/CAM/CAE , CHOUGULE N.K. SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PVT LTD.SEPTEMBER-2011.
2. CAD/CAM/CIM, NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL
PUBLICATIONS.
3. Mastering CAD/CAM, IBRAHIM ZEID, Mc Graw Hill, 2nd
Edition ,1996.
4. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN .LAKSHMI PUBLICATIONS.