CAPÍTULO 1

Las relaciones personales

Enfoques pp.1-40
 ¡OBJETIVOS!
 Describe yourself and others using personality traits, feelings, and emotional states

 Discuss your common activities as well as those of your friends and family

 Express what you and others are doing at the present moment

 Discuss various aspects of personal relationships, including those with friends as well as with a
significant other

 Compare and contrast friendship and relationship customs of US culture with those of the
Hispanic world
 “FRASES PARA
COMUNICACIÓN EN CLASE”

• “Phrases for communication in

class”  since this course is online,
these phrases are important to study
for overall success in this course!
• Please study these phrases for
communication as you continue
learning Spanish! These will
constantly help you throughout the
course and will also be helpful when
preparing for your midterm and final
oral assessments.
• Make sure to study your Chapter 1
vocabulary on p. 40! (last page of
Chapter 1!)
THE PRESENT
TENSE (1.1)
 THE PRESENT TENSE (1.1)

Regular –ar, –er, and –ir verbs

• The present tense (el presente) of regular verbs is formed by dropping the
infinitive ending (–ar, –er, or –ir) and adding personal endings.

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1.1–6
 THE PRESENT TENSE (1.1)

• What is the present tense?

• The present tense is used to express actions or situations that are going
on at the present time and to express general truths.

¿Por qué rompes conmigo? Porque no te amo.

Why are you breaking up with me? Because I don’t love you.

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1.1–7
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE (1.1)

• The present tense is also used to express habitual actions or actions that
will take place in the near future.

Mis padres me escriben Mañana les mando una

con frecuencia. carta larga.
My parents write to me often. Tomorrow I’m sending
them a long letter.

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1.1–8
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE (1.1)

• Subject pronouns are normally omitted in Spanish. They are used to emphasize or
clarify the subject.

¿Viven en California?
Sí, ella vive en Los Ángeles y él vive
en San Francisco.

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1.1–9
reserved.
 ¡A PRACTICAR! – THE PRESENT TENSE
(1.1)

1) Paulina _____ (bailar) muy bien.

2) Yo ______ (estudiar) español todos los días.
3) Los estudiantes _____ (escuchar) a la profesora.
4) Nosotros _____ (leer) muchos libros de historia.
5) Tú _____ (escribir) un ensayo para la clase de inglés.
 THE PRESENT TENSE STEM-CHANGERS
(1.1)

Stem-changing verbs
• Some verbs have stem changes in the present tense.
• In many –ar and –er verbs, e changes to ie and o changes to ue. In some –ir
verbs, e changes to i. The nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms never have a stem
change in the present tense.

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1.1–11
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE STEM-
CHANGERS(1.1)

• Jugar changes its stem vowel from u to ue. As with other stem-changing verbs, the
nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms do not change.

jugar
juego, juegas, juega,
jugamos, jugáis, juegan

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1.1–12
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE STEM-CHANGERS
(1.1)

• Construir, destruir, incluir, and influir have a spelling change and add a y before the
personal endings (except the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms).

incluir
incluyo, incluyes, incluye,
incluimos, incluís, incluyen

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1.1–13
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 ¡A PRACTICAR! – THE PRESENT TENSE
STEM-CHANGERS (1.1)

1) Yo ______ (pensar) de España mucho.

2) Las chicas _____ (poder) cantar.
3) Mi hermano y yo _____ (jugar) fútbol cada sábado por la tarde.
4) Tú _____ (pedir) los tacos de pollo.
5) Marcos _____ (incluir) toda la familia para la fiesta.
 THE PRESENT TENSE-IRREGULAR “YO” FORMS (1.1)

Irregular yo forms
• Many –er and –ir verbs have irregular yo forms in the present tense.
• Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change to –zco in the yo form; those ending in –ger or –gir
change to –jo. Several verbs have irregular –go endings, and a few have individual
irregularities.

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1.1–15
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE-IRREGULAR “YO” FORMS
(1.1)

Irregular “yo”
forms in the
present tense

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1.1–16
reserved.
 THE PRESENT TENSE-IRREGULAR “YO” FORMS
(1.1)

• Verbs with prefixes follow these same patterns.

More Irregular
“yo” forms in
the present
tense

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1.1–17
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 THE PRESENT TENSE-IRREGULAR “YO” FORMS
(1.1)

• Some verbs with irregular yo forms have stem changes as well.

conseguir (e:i) → consigo seguir (e:i) → sigo

to obtain to follow

corregir (e:i) → corrijo torcer (o:ue) → tuerzo

to correct to twist

elegir (e:i) → elijo

to choose
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1.1–18
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 THE PRESENT TENSE-OTHER IRREGULARS (1.1)

Irregular verbs

• Other commonly used verbs in Spanish are irregular in the present tense or combine a
stem change with an irregular yo form or other spelling change.

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1.1–19
reserved.
 ¡FOTONOVELA!

• Sorpresa desde el cielo (pp. 6-7)

• As we watch our first Fotonovela of the course, write down all verbs that you
hear/see in the present tense!
SER & ESTAR (1.2)
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

1.2
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–22
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

• We can use the acronym “DOCTOR” to remember when we use the verb “ser”

Description  Ella es simpática. Yo soy rubia.

Occupation  Nosotros somos estudiantes. Ella es profesora.
Characteristics  La chica es alta y bonita.
Time  Son las 4:00 de la tarde. Es la 1:00 de la mañana.
Origin  Mi madre es de New Orleans. Yo soy de Baton Rouge.
Relationships  Juan es mi hermano. Nosotros somos amigos.
1.2
–23
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)
• We can use the acronym “PLACE” to remember when we use the verb “estar”

Position  El libro está encima de la mesa.

Location  Nosotros estamos en Baton Rouge. Mis padres están en Carolina del
Norte.

Action  La chica está hablando. Yo estoy escribiendo.

Condition  Ellos están cansados.
Emotion  El estudiante está feliz. Yo estoy emocionada.
1.2
–24
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

• Ser and estar both mean to be, but they are not interchangeable.
• Ser is used to express the idea of permanence, such as inherent or unchanging
qualities and characteristics.
• Estar is used to express temporality, including qualities or conditions that change
with time.

1.2
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¡A PRACTICAR!- SER & ESTAR (1.2)

Busco una cita- Completa el párrafo que Paula escribió con las formas apropiadas de ser y estar.

Me llamo Paula y (1) _______________ estudiante en la UNAM. (2) _______________ en mi tercer año.
(3) _______________ una joven atractiva y simpática. Mis amigos piensan que (4) _______________ un poco
insegura, pero eso no (5) _______________ verdad. Por lo general, (yo) (6) _______________ una persona muy
alegre, pero (7) _______________ harta de no tener pareja. Si (tú) (8) _______________ simpático, cariñoso y
maduro, y no (9) _______________ casado, escríbeme una carta. ¡Me encantaría conocerte!
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

Ser and estar with adjectives

• Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities.
• Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in appearance
or condition.

¿Cómo son tus padres? ¿Cómo estás, Miguel?

What are your parents like? How are you, Miguel?

La casa es muy pequeña. ¡Están tan enojados!

The house is very small. They’re very angry!

1.2
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–27
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

• With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar can be used, but
the meaning of each statement is different.

Julio es alto. ¡Qué alto está Miguelito!

Julio is tall. (that is, a tall person) Miguelito is getting so tall!

Dolores es alegre. El jefe está alegre hoy. ¿Qué le pasa?

Dolores is cheerful. (that is, a The boss is cheerful today.
cheerful person) What’s up with him?

Juan Carlos es un hombre guapo. ¡Manuel, estás muy guapo!

Juan Carlos is a handsome man. Manuel, you look so handsome!

1.2
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–28
SER & ESTAR(1.2)

• Some adjectives have two

different meanings depending
on whether they are used with
ser or estar.

1.2
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–29
 SER & ESTAR(1.2)

Estar, not ser, is used with muerto/a.

Bécquer, el autor de las Rimas, está muerto.

Bécquer, the author of Rimas, is dead.

1.2
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–30
 THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE (1.3)
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)
The present progressive
• The present progressive (el presente progresivo) narrates an action in progress.
• It is formed with 1.) the present tense of estar and 2.) the present participle (el gerundio) of the
main verb.

Éric está cantando Aguayo está bebiendo Fabiola está escribiendo

la canción. café.
el artículo.
Éric is singing the Aguayo is drinking Fabiola is writing the
song. coffee. article.

1.3
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 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (1.3)

• The –ing form in English

• Estar + -ando/-iendo
• Estoy hablando.
• Están escribiendo.
• Estamos comiendo.

• The present participle of regular –ar, –er, and –ir verbs is formed as follows:

+
 MODELO: Están jugando videojuegos.
¡A PRACTICAR!- THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE (1.3) *verb: jugar (to play)

• Write 3 sentences about what the people in the photos are doing right now.
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

• Stem-changing verbs that end in –ir also change their stem vowel when they
form the present participle.

La chica está durmiendo.

(The girl is sleeping.)

Juan está mintiendo.

(Juan is lying.)

Estoy pidiendo la carne

asada.
(I am ordering the carne asada.)
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

• Ir, poder, reír, and sonreír have irregular present participles (yendo, pudiendo,
riendo, sonriendo). Ir and poder are seldom used in the present progressive.

Marisa siempre está sonriendo. Maribel no está yendo a

clase últimamente.

Marisa is always smiling. Maribel isn’t going to class lately.

1.3
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–36
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)
• When progressive forms are used with reflexive verbs or object pronouns, the pronouns may
either be attached to the present participle (in which case an accent mark is added to
maintain the proper stress) or placed before the conjugated verb.
• See 2.1 Object pronouns, pp. 54–55, and 2.3 Reflexive verbs, pp. 62–63, for more information.

Se están enamorando.
Están enamorándose.
They are falling in love. Note that the
Te estoy hablando.
present participle
Estoy hablándote. of ser is siendo.
I am talking to you.

1.3
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–37
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, the –i– of the present participle
ending changes to –y–.

Shakira está leyendo. Mi amiga y yo estamos trayendo el pastel a

la fiesta.
(Shakira is reading.) (My friend and I are bringing the cake to the
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)
• Progressive forms are used less frequently in Spanish than in English, and only
when emphasizing that an action is in progress at the moment described.
• To refer to actions that occur over a period of time or in the near future, Spanish
uses the present tense instead.
PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Lourdes estudia economía en la UNAM. Ahora mismo, Lourdes está tomando

un examen.
Lourdes is studying economics at UNAM. Right now, Lourdes is taking an exam.

¿Vienes con nosotros al Café Pamplona? No, lo siento. Ya estoy preparando la cena.

Are you coming with us to Café Pamplona? No, I’m sorry. I’m already making dinner.
1.3
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–39
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

Other tenses may have progressive forms as well. These tenses emphasize that an
action was/will be in progress.

PAST (pp. 94–105)

Estaba marcando su número justo cuando él me llamó.
I was dialing his number right when he called me.

FUTURE (pp. 216–219)

You haven’t
No vengas a las cuatro; todavía estaremos trabajando.
learned this
yet at this Don’t come at four o’clock; we will still be working.
level!

1.3
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 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

Other verbs with the present participle

• Spanish expresses various shades of progressive action by using verbs such as seguir,
continuar, ir, venir, llevar, and andar with the present participle.
• Seguir and continuar with the present participle express the idea of to keep doing
something.
Emilio sigue saliendo con Mercedes continúa coqueteando
Mercedes. con Carlos.
Emilio is still seeing Mercedes keeps flirting with Carlos.
Mercedes.
1.3
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 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

• Ir with the present participle indicates a gradual or repeated process. It often conveys
the English idea of more and more.

Cada día que pasa voy Ana y Juan van acostumbrándose

disfrutando más de al horario de clase.
esta clase.

I’m enjoying this class more Ana and Juan are getting more and
and more every day. more used to the class schedule.

1.3
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 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)
• Venir and llevar with the present participle indicate a gradual action that
accumulates or increases over time.

Hace años que viene Llevo insistiendo en lo mismo

diciendo cuánto le desde el principio.
gusta el béisbol.

He’s been saying how much I have been insisting on the same
he likes baseball for years. thing from the beginning.

1.3
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–43
 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(1.3)

• Andar with the present participle conveys the idea of going around doing something
or of always doing something.

José siempre anda Román anda diciendo mentiras.

quejándose de todo.
José is always complaining Román is going around telling lies.
about everything.

1.3
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–44
¡A PRACTICAR!- THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE (1.3)