GLASS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

MATERIALS AND METHODS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- VI

SUB CODE: 18ARC62

SUBMITTED BY: ANANYA.M

USN: 4SN19AT008
SEC A SEM 6 B.ARCH
SSA, MANGALORE
 GLASS:
Properties of glass:
What is a Glass?  Solid and hard material.
• Glass is a mixture of raw materials  Disordered and amorphous structure.
like silica, sodium potassium carbonate,  Fragile and easily breakable into sharp pieces.
lime or lead oxide, manganese  Transparent to visible light.
oxide which are grounded, sieved, and  When light falls on glass, part of it is reflected at the surface,
mixed in specific proportion to make part of it is absorbed in the glass and part of it is transmitted.
glass.
• Glass has unique properties as  Fire resistant
a transparent glazing material in the  Recyclable
construction industry.
• It has various architectural applications
Disadvantages of Glass:
in doors, windows, partitions, etc. 1. Cost Is high
2. Glass is brittle in nature
Glass As a Building Material: 3. Impact resistant is low
• It is one of the oldest & multifaceted 4. Corrosion due to Alkali solution
materials utilizing in the building 5. Unsafe for earthquake-prone areas
industry. 6. Maintenance cost Is high
• Glass has been used to enhance the
aesthetic view of structure and is Advantages of Glass
fascinating material ever since it was 1. Glass is a transparent material
discovered. 2. Dust-proof and waterproof
• It is an open hard substance created by 3. Various color availability
giving heat to sand or quartz, glass forms 4. Aesthetically appealing
an inorganic, transparent, or translucent
5. Glass is recyclable
6. Glass is UV Stable:
material which can be molded into any
7. Glass is weather and rust resistant
shape. 8. Glass is an insulator of electricity
MANUFACTURING OF GLASS:
The manufacturing for glass consists of the following stages :
 Melting and refining of the raw materials: Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed
to make a batch, which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500 degree Celsius.
 Float bath: Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to the mirror-like surface of
molten tin, starting at 1100 deg Celsius and leaving the float bath as solid ribbon at 600 deg Celsius.
 Coating (for making reflective glass): Coatings that make profound changes in optical properties can be
applied by advanced high temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of glass.
 Annealing: Despite the tranquillity with which the glass is formed, considerable stresses are developed in
the ribbon as the glass cools. The glass is made to move through the annealing lehr where such internal
stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled gradually, to make the glass more prone to cutting.
 Inspection: To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at every stage.
TYPES OF GLASS:
SHEET GLASS:
 Produced by having molten glass pass through the rollers to manufacture a nearly flat finish.
 Can be cut via a glass cutter and no special equipment is needed.
 Due to the comparatively low cost of this glass and its lack of distortion, mainly used in glazing
greenhouses and where the visual distortion isn’t an issue
MANUFACTURING: In the float glass process, a continuous strip of molten glass, heated to more than 1000
degrees Centigrade is poured from a furnace on to a large shallow bath of molten metal, usually tin. The glass
floats and cools on the tin and spreads out to form a flat surface.

TINTED GLASS:
 Is simply colored glass. A certain type of ion is added to the normal glass mix to produce colored glass.
 Color doesn’t affect the properties of glass.
MANUFACTURING: The raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make clear glass. If certain metal oxides
are mixed to this batch they impart colours to the glass giving it a body tint.
For e.g.
 NiO & CoO – to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)
 SeO – to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)
 Fe2O3 – To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times is also present as impurity in Silica Sand)
 CoO – To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)
TYPES OF GLASS:
GLASS BLOCK:
 Glass brick, also known as glass block, is an architectural element made from glass.
 Provide visual obscuration while admitting light.
 Produced for both wall and floor applications.
MANUFACTURING:
• Silica sand, soda ash, and limestone are mixed and melted in tanks heated to 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit.
Then a precise amount of molten glass is poured into a half-block mold and two halves are sealed
together, creating a partial vacuum within the unit, and then fed into an oven to slowly cool and in the
process, strengthen.
• Later, each glass block is treated with a special edge coating of polyvinyl butyral to increase mortar bond
and allow for expansion and contraction. Each glass block is then tested for clarity and consistency.

LAMINATED GLASS:
 Made by sandwiching glass panels within a protective layer.
 Heavier than normal glass and may cause optical distortions as well. It is tough and protects from UV
radiation (99%) and insulates sound by 50%.
 Used in glass facades, aquariums, bridges, staircases, floor slabs, etc.
MANUFACTURING:Laminated glass is made by pasting PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin glue film between
two or more pieces of glass sheet, then heating, pressing and bonding them together to create flat or
curved compound glass product.
TYPES OF GLASS:
DECORATIVE GLASS:
 Kind of decorative translucent glass with embossed patterns on one or both surfaces.
 Decorative glass or patterned glass or rolled glass is generally used where privacy is desired but light
transmission is still important.
MANUFACTURING:
• Coating a water-based pigment on one surface of the prepared glass;
• Covering the glass in which the water-based pigment has been coated with a vinyl or a wrap
• Forming a pattern on the vinyl or wrap covering the glass;
• Removing the vinyl or wrap in which the pattern is formed; and
• Drying the glass in which the vinyl or wrap is removed.

GLASS MURALS:
 Glass murals are murals made out of glass tiles that are installed within, or added on to the surface of an
existing wall.
 They are also inlaid onto the floors.

MANUFACTURING: Mural glass are painted, glazed, sublimation printed or more traditionally cut or broken
into pieces. Mosaic murals are made by combining small sized pieces of colourful stone, ceramic, or glass tiles
which are then laid out to create a picture.
TYPES OF GLASS:

FIBERGLASS:
 Type of fiber-reinforced plastic made from glass fiber.
 Also known as glass-reinforced plastic or glass fiber reinforced plastic.
 Typically, glass fiber is flattened into a sheet, arranged randomly, or weaved into fabric.

MANUFACTURING: To manufacture fiberglass, glass is heated until molten, then forced through
superfine holes. This creates glass filaments that are extremely thin and measured in microns.

TEMPERED GLASS:
 Toughened glass is typically four to six times the strength of annealed glass.
 When broken, usually form relatively small pieces and less likely to cause serious injury.
 It is used when strength, thermal resistance and safety are important considerations.

MANUFACTURING:After glass has been cut, checked for flaws, and washed, it travels either in
batches or in a continuous feed through a furnace, where it is heated at temperatures over 600
deg Celsius. After the heating process, the scorching piece of glass undergoes a cooling process.
During this process, the glass receives high-pressure blasts of cold air from varying angles for
about three to 10 seconds. The process, called “quenching,” cools down the surface of the glass
much faster than it does the center. Because of this, the interior zone of the glass stays in tension
while the surface goes into compression. This combination of competitive stresses is what makes
it so strong.
 APPLICATIONS OF GLASS IN BUILDING INDUSTRY:
STRUCTURAL GLAZING:
GLASS ETCHING: • Structurally glazed systems
Glass etching is a glass
art technique that create a greater
consists of applying transparency than
acidic, caustic, or traditional captured
abrasive substances systems.
to the surface of the • There are less visual
glass in order to interruptions due to the lack
roughen its texture in of metal on the exterior
selected areas with creating a seamless,
the end goal of continuous glass look.
creating a design.
• Since there is little to no
exposed exterior metal,
there is also less thermal
bridging with structural
glazing, saving on energy
consumption costs
GLASS FACADES:
• Glass plays an essential role in the facade.
• A facade is a special type of wall. It separates
inside from outside. By its property of
transparency it opens up our buildings to the
outside world.
• From prime concerns like safety, security, and
environmental protection to convenient
functions like self cleaning or practical qualities
like scratch resistance or design aspects, the
choices are many and varied.
GLASS FABRICATION TECHNIQUES:

Glass fabrication: It is the manufacturing and assembling of glass and glass parts using a variety
of materials and technical processes.
Depending on the desired end result, glass fabrication can involve a variety of technical processes
including engineering, machining, forming, encapsulation, beveling, extrusion, molding, and
ENCAPSULATION
more.
• Engineering is involved in most every aspect of glass fabrication. An array of software
technologies are used to provide many glass fabrication services.
• The use of precision machining is also used extensively throughout the glass fabrication
process from start to finish.
BEVELING
• Forming, sometimes called bending, is accomplished by heating glass to a plastic state to be
physical manipulated by hand or machine.
• Encapsulation, commonly used in automotive glass, involves injecting polymeric material
around a glass insert for increased strength and protection.
• Beveling is the process of cutting the border of a piece of glass to create an angled surface
around the edge.
EXTRUSION
• Extrusion, another technique used often in glass, creates a watertight seal between glass and
another material (like the rubber around your windshield).
• Molding, also known as pressing, involves heating glass to a liquid state and pouring it into a
mold so it solidifies in the shape of the mold.

MOLDING
FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS:

 Fiber-reinforced composites are composed of axial particulates embedded in a matrix material.

 The objective of fiber-reinforced composites it to obtain a material with high specific strength and high
specific modulus. (i.e. high strength and high elastic modulus for its weight.)
 The strength is obtained by having the applied load transmitted from the matrix to the fibers. Hence,
interfacial bonding is important.
 This is a type of advanced composite group, which makes use of rice husk, rice hull, rice shell, and plastic
as ingredients. This technology involves a method of refining, blending, and compounding natural fibers
from cellulosic waste streams to form a high-strength fiber composite material in a polymer matrix. The
designated waste or base raw materials used in this instance are those of waste thermoplastics and
various categories of cellulosic waste including rice husk and saw dust.
 Classic examples of fiber-reinforced composites include fiberglass and wood.

Some common geometries for fiber-reinforced composites:

•Aligned
The properties of aligned fiber-reinforced composite materials are highly anisotropic. The longitudinal
tensile strength will be high whereas the transverse tensile strength can be much less than even the matrix
tensile strength. It will depend on the properties of the fibers and the matrix, the interfacial bond between
them, and the presence of voids.
•Random
This is also called discrete, (or chopped) fibers. The strength will not be as high as with aligned fibers,
however, the advantage is that the material will be isotropic and cheaper.
•Woven
The fibers are woven into a fabric which is layered with the matrix material to make a laminated structure.
INDIAN GLASS BUILDINGS:

GLASS MARKET PRICES:

PLANE GLASS
12 MM 104 RS
8 MM 71 RS
6 MM 50 RS KOHINOOR SQUARE,MUMBAI ONGC,MUMBAI
5 MM 40 RS
4 MM 31 RS

COLOUR GLASS
5 MM BLACK 50 RS
5 MM BROWN 51 RS

TOUGHENED GLASS
12 MM 165 RS
10 MM 135 RS GLASS HOUSE :LAL BAGH BANGALORE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT BLOCK,INFOSYS
8 MM 125 RS

INFOSYS MULTIPLEX, MYSORE INFINITY TOWERS , KOLKATA CYBERTECTURE EGG , MUMBAI

THANK YOU!