INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the
similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a
problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

Goals of AI
•To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
•To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is

composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-
solving perception, language understanding, etc.
 Programming Without and With AI

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can

answer the specific questions it is answer the generic questions it is
meant to solve. meant to solve.

AI programs can absorb new

modifications by putting highly
independent pieces of information
Modification in the program leads to
together. Hence you can modify even
change in its structure.
a minute piece of information of
program without affecting its
structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It

Quick and Easy program
may lead to affecting the program
modification.
adversely.
 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE COMPOSED OF?
• Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us
to provide basis for judgement, making decisions, and
prediction. There are broadly two types −
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement

It conducts specific observations to
and examines the possibilities to
makes broad general statements.
reach a specific, logical conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true

If something is true of a class of
in a statement, inductive reasoning
things in general, it is also true for
allows for the conclusion to be
all members of that class. • Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and
false.
tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by
Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is
Example − "All women of age above taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown
60 years are grandmothers. Shalini hurdles.Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the
studious. Therefore, All teachers are
is 65 years. Therefore, Shalini is a
studious." process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple
grandmother."
alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.
• Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by
studying, practising, being taught, or experiencing something. • Perception − It is the process of acquiring,
Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
study.The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some information.Perception presumes sensing. In humans,
animals, and AI-enabled systems.
perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain
• Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by
comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written language. It is the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
important in interpersonal communication.
 TYPES OF AI

WEAK AI OR NARROW AI STRONG AI OR NARROW AI

• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a •Strong AI is difficult to create than weak AI.
dedicated task with intelligence.The most common and •It is a general purpose intelligence that can demonstrate
currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of human abilities.
Artificial Intelligence. •Human abilities such as learning from experience,
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or reasoning, etc. can be demonstrated by this AI.
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. •A strong AI system would possess the capacity to
Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail understand its environment, learn from experience,
in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits. apply knowledge to new situations, and even
• Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it demonstrate creativity and self-awareness.
operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions. •It would be capable of performing any intellectual
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow task that a human being can do, and potentially
AI, as it uses an Expert system approach combined surpass human intelligence in various domains.
with Machine learning and natural language
processing.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-
driving cars, speech recognition, and image
recognition.
 History of AI
The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a fascinating journey that spans over centuries, with significant advancements occurring in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Here's an overview:
1.Early Concepts (Antiquity - 20th Century): The concept of artificial beings with intelligence traces back to ancient civilizations, with myths and stories featuring
automatons and mechanical beings. However, the formal study of AI began in the mid-20th century.
2.The Birth of AI (1950s - 1960s): The term "artificial intelligence" was coined in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference by John McCarthy and other researchers.
During this period, researchers were optimistic about the possibility of creating machines capable of performing tasks that required human intelligence.
3.Early Milestones (1950s - 1970s): Significant developments during this time include the development of the Logic Theorist by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon,
the first program designed to mimic human problem-solving skills. Another milestone was the creation of the General Problem Solver (GPS) by Newell and Simon.
4.Expert Systems and Knowledge Representation (1960s - 1980s): Expert systems, which were rule-based systems designed to mimic the knowledge and decision-
making abilities of human experts, gained prominence during this period. Examples include MYCIN, an expert system for diagnosing bacterial infections, and
DENDRAL, used for chemical analysis.
5.AI Winter (1970s - 1980s): Despite initial enthusiasm, progress in AI research slowed down during this period due to factors such as overhyped expectations, lack
of computational power, and insufficient funding. This period became known as the "AI winter."
6.Neural Networks Renaissance (1980s - 1990s): Neural networks, which are computational models inspired by the structure and function of the human brain, saw
a resurgence in interest during this period. Important contributions include the backpropagation algorithm for training neural networks.
7.Machine Learning and Data Revolution (1990s - 2000s): Advances in machine learning algorithms, coupled with the exponential growth of data and
computational power, led to significant progress in AI applications. Support vector machines, decision trees, and Bayesian networks were among the popular
techniques during this time.
8.Deep Learning Revolution (2010s - Present): Deep learning, a subfield of machine learning based on artificial neural networks with multiple layers, has driven
remarkable advancements in AI. Breakthroughs in areas such as image recognition, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning have been achieved
using deep learning techniques.
9.Current Trends and Challenges: In recent years, AI has become increasingly integrated into various aspects of society, including healthcare, finance,
transportation, and entertainment. However, ethical considerations, bias in algorithms, privacy concerns, and the potential impact on jobs are among the
challenges that accompany the widespread adoption of AI.
Throughout its history, AI has evolved from abstract concepts to practical applications, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with technology.
 Evolution of AI
Industrial revolutions

The evolution of artificial intelligence

AI is divided broadly into three stages: artificial

narrow intelligence (ANI), artificial general
intelligence (AGI) and artificial super intelligence
(ASI).
 Evolution of AI

• The first stage, ANI, as the name suggests, is limited in scope with
intelligence restricted to only one functional area. ANI is, for example, on par
with an infant.

• The second stage, AGI, is at an advanced level: it covers more than one
field like power of reasoning, problem solving and abstract thinking,
which is mostly on par with adults.
• ASI is the final stage of the intelligence explosion, in which AI surpasses human
intelligence across all fields.

• The transition from the first to the second stage has taken a long time (see chart),
but we believe we are currently on the cusp of completing the transition to the
second stage - AGI, in which the intelligence of machines can equal humans. This is
by no means a small achievement.
 Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning
AI stands for Artificial Intelligence, and is basically the study/process DL stands for Deep Learning, and is the study that makes use of
ML stands for Machine Learning, and is the study that uses
which enables machines to mimic human behaviour through Neural Networks(similar to neurons present in human brain) to
statistical methods enabling machines to improve with experience.
particular algorithm. imitate functionality just like a human brain.

AI is the broader family consisting of ML and DL as it’s components. ML is the subset of AI. DL is the subset of ML.

AI is a computer algorithm which exhibits intelligence through DL is a ML algorithm that uses deep(more than one layer) neural
ML is an AI algorithm which allows system to learn from data.
decision making. networks to analyze data and provide output accordingly.

If you are clear about the math involved in it but don’t have idea
If you have a clear idea about the logic(math) involved in behind and
about the features, so you break the complex functionalities into
Search Trees and much complex math is involved in AI. you can visualize the complex functionalities like K-Mean, Support
linear/lower dimension features by adding more layers, then it
Vector Machines, etc., then it defines the ML aspect.
defines the DL aspect.
The aim is to basically increase chances of success and not The aim is to increase accuracy not caring much about the success It attains the highest rank in terms of accuracy when it is trained with
accuracy. ratio. large amount of data.
DL can be considered as neural networks with a large number of
Three broad categories/types Of AI are: Artificial Narrow Intelligence parameters layers lying in one of the four fundamental network
Three broad categories/types Of ML are: Supervised Learning,
(ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super architectures: Unsupervised Pre-trained Networks, Convolutional
Unsupervised Learning and Reinforcement Learning
Intelligence (ASI) Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks and Recursive Neural
Networks
The efficiency Of AI is basically the efficiency provided by ML and DL Less efficient than DL as it can’t work for longer dimensions or
More powerful than ML as it can easily work for larger sets of data.
respectively. higher amount of data.
Examples of AI applications include: Google’s AI-Powered
Examples of ML applications include: Virtual Personal Assistants: Examples of DL applications include: Sentiment based news
Predictions, Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft, Commercial
Siri, Alexa, Google, etc., Email Spam and Malware Filtering. aggregation, Image analysis and caption generation, etc.
Flights Use an AI Autopilot, etc.
AI refers to the broad field of computer science that focuses on
ML is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms that can
creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks that would DL is a subset of ML that focuses on developing deep neural
learn from data and improve their performance over time without
normally require human intelligence, such as reasoning, perception, networks that can automatically learn and extract features from data.
being explicitly programmed.
and decision-making.
ML algorithms can be categorized as supervised, unsupervised, or
AI can be further broken down into various subfields such as reinforcement learning. In supervised learning, the algorithm is DL algorithms are inspired by the structure and function of the
robotics, natural language processing, computer vision, expert trained on labeled data, where the desired output is known. In human brain, and they are particularly well-suited to tasks such as
systems, and more. unsupervised learning, the algorithm is trained on unlabeled data, image and speech recognition.
where the desired output is unknown.

DL networks consist of multiple layers of interconnected neurons

In reinforcement learning, the algorithm learns by trial and error,
AI systems can be rule-based, knowledge-based, or data-driven. that process data in a hierarchical manner, allowing them to learn
receiving feedback in the form of rewards or punishments.
increasingly complex representations of the data.