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Lecture 7 Number System

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31 views26 pages

Lecture 7 Number System

Uploaded by

arsalan.softwares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Tittle : of Number system

Conversion
The Computing Application
Number Systems
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:

• Non-positional number system


• Positional number system
• Decimal number system
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Hexadecimal number system

(Continued on next slide)


Number

 Natural Numbers:
 A natural number is a number that comes naturally,
 Natural numbers are greater than zero we can use this
numbers as counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
….…, }.
 Whole numbers:
 Whole numbers are just all the natural numbers
plus a zero: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……………… , }.

 If our system of numbers was limited to the


Natural Numbers then a number such as –2
would have no meaning. The next number
system is the Integers
Numbers

 Integers:
 Integers include the Natural numbers, zero, and
the negative Natural numbers.
 Numbers in the form of negative and positive
numbers
{
….-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4, …. }.
 Rational number:
 Which can be written in the form of p/q
Where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a
rational number, so all the integers are
rational number .
Number

 Irrational numbers :
p

 The number can not be written in the form of .q


 Pythagorean in Greece were first to discover irrational
number .
 2, 3, are irrational number .
Number system

 In earlier days, people used to exchange their


things for other things. The requirement for
numbers primarily originated from the need to
• count.
 They used the numbers 1,2,3,.that served the
people for many years because all they needed to
count was their crops, and animals.
 Later on numbers such as zero, integers, rational
numbers, irrational numbers were introduced.
 There is evidence that as early as 30,000 BC our
•
ancient ancestors were tallying or counting things.
That is where the concept of number systems
began
Number system

 A number system defines how a number can be


represented using distinct symbols.
 A number can be represented differently in
different systems.
 For example, the two numbers (2A)16 and (52)8 both refer to
the same quantity, (42)10, but their representations are
different.
Number Systems

Two types of number systems


are:

• Non-positional number systems

• Positional number systems


Non-positional Number
Systems
• Characteristics
• Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII
for 4, IIIII for 5, etc
• Each symbol represents the same value
regardless of its position in the number
• The symbols are simply added to find out the
value
of a particular number
• Difficulty
• It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such
a number system
Positional Number Systems
• Characteristics

• Use only a few symbols called


digits

• These symbols represent different values


depending on the position they occupy in the
number

(Continued on next slide)


Positional Number
Systems
• The value of each digit is determined by:
1. The digit itself
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system

(base = total number of digits in the


number system)

• The maximum value of a single digit is


always equal to one less than the value
of the base
Common Number System
 Number system can be categorized as
 Decimal number system

 Binary number system

 Octal number system

 Hexadecimal Number System


Common Number System
 Each number system is associated with a base or radix
 The decimal number system is said to be of base or radix
10
 A number in base r contains r digits 0,1,2,...,r-1
 Decimal (Base 10): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Decimal Number System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9). Hence, its base = 10
• The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one
less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a
specific
• power of the base (10)

We use this number system in our day-to-day


life
(Continued on next slide)
Decimal Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
Binary Number
System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its
base = 2
• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less
than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (2)
• This number system is used in computers

(Continued on next slide)


Binary Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110
Representing Numbers in Different Number
Systems
In order to be specific about which number system we
are referring to, it is a common practice to indicate the
base as a subscript. Thus, we write:

101012 = 2110
Bit
• Bit stands for binary digit

• A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a


1

• A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-


bit number
Octal Number
System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has total 8 symbols or digits
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8
•
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one
less than the value of the base
•
Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of
the base (8)

(Continued on next slide)


Octal Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

• Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 8) are


= sufficient to represent any octal number in
binary
Example

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7

= 107110
Hexadecimal Number
System
Characteristics
• A positional number system
• Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
• The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent
the decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and
15 respectively
• The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one
less than the value of the base)

(Continued on next slide)


Hexadecimal Number
System
(Continued from previous slide..)

• Each position of a digit represents a specific


power of the base (16)
• Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are
sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number
in binary

Example
1AF16
= (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15

= 43110
Converting a Number of Another Base to a
Decimal Number
Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value


of each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the


digits in the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

(Continued on next slide)


Converting a Number of Another Base to a
Decimal Number
(Continued from previous slide..)

Example

47068 = ?10
Common
values
multiplied
by the
47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80
corresponding
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 digits

= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 Sum of these


products
= 2502 10

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