CELL
Fundamental unit of life
Building blocks of life
Cell
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized structure that
enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
Timeline of cell
discovery
1665 Robert Hooke was the first person who used the term cells
to refer to the tiny structures found in organisms.
1674 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek who was a Dutch lens maker, was
credited with making the first microscope. He was the first
person to have observed microscopic organisms. He
discovered protozoa and saw bacteria some 9 years later.
1838 Mathias J. Schleiden was the German botanist who worked
on various plants. He concluded that all plants are
composed of cells.
1839 Theodor Schwann was a German zoologist (someone who
studies various animals). He theorized that all animals are
composed of cells.
1858 Rudolf Virchow who was a German physician, discovered
that cells increased in number by dividing and forming new
cells. He expounded his famous conclusion: omni cellula e
cellula which means cells come from pre-existing cells.
Types of cell
Eukaryotic cell, Prokaryotic cell
MAJOR PARTS OF
ANIMAL CELL
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
Cell membrane
It is the outermost layer in the
animal cell.
It keeps all the parts of the cell
inside.
It controls what enters and exits the cell
such as water, nutrients and waste and
thereby protects and supports the cell.
Cytoplasm
• It is large and fluid-filled (called
protoplasm)
• It fills up the space between the nucleus
and the cell membrane.
• It is jelly-like substance compose of
mainly water as well as dissolved
nutrients.
• It is where membrane-bound organelles
are embedded.
Cell nucleus
It is located in the cytoplasm of the
cell.
It controls and regulates all cell
activities.
It is the control center of the cell and
it contains the cell’s DNA.
ORGANELLES FOUND
ONLY IN ANIMAL CELL
Centrosome, Lysosome
Centrosome
It is a microtubule-organizing
center found near the nuclei of
animal cells. It contains a pair of
centrioles. The centrosome
replicates itself before a cell
divides.
Lysosome
These are small, spherical organelles
that contain digestive enzymes for
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. They
transport undigested material to cell
membrane for removal. Cell breaks
down if lysosome explodes.
MAJOR PARTS OF
PLANT CELL
Cell wall, Cell membrane, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
Cell wall
Found in plant cells but not in
animal cells.
The outermost layer in the plant cell.
It is stiff and rigid and helps a plant
keep its shape.
Allow materials like water and
nutrients; waste, oxygen and carbon
dioxide to pass to and from the cell
membrane.
Cell membrane
It is the second layer in the plant
cell.
It keeps all the parts of the cell
inside.
It is semi-permeable and controls what
enters and exits the cell such as water,
nutrients and waste and thereby protects
and supports the cell.
Chloroplasts
It is only found in plant cells. They are
responsible for photosynthesis. It is color green
because of the pigment called chlorophyll.
Every green plant you see is working to convert
the energy from the sun into sugars during the
process of photosynthesis.
Plants are the basis of all life on Earth. They
make sugars, and the by-product of
photosynthesis is the oxygen that we breathe.
Cytoplasm
• It is large and fluid-filled (called
protoplasm)
• It fills up the space between the nucleus
and the cell membrane.
• It is jelly-like substance compose of
mainly water as well as dissolved
nutrients.
• It is where membrane-bound organelles
are embedded.
Cell nucleus
It is located in the cytoplasm of the
cell.
It controls and regulates all cell
activities.
It is the control center of the cell and
it contains the cell’s DNA.
ORGANELLES FOUND
ONLY IN plant CELL
Plastids, Chloroplast
Plastids
These are double-membraned
organelles found mainly in plants.
Types:
a. Chloroplasts: it contains the green pigment
chlorophyll which enables the plants to undergo the
process of photosynthesis.
b. Chromoplasts: gives yellow, orange and red color
to fruits and flowers.
c. Leucoplasts: are non-pigmented, located in roots, it
stores carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Chloroplasts
The chloroplasts contain the
chlorophyl which capture light
energy that drives the process
photosynthesis.
ORGANELLES FOUND
in both animal and plant
CELL
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vesicles,
Peroxisomes, Chromosomes, Nucleolus, Vacuole
Endoplasmic reticulum
It is referred to as the “highway” of
the cell that moves materials around
to other parts. It serves as canal for
substances. Its two kinds are:
a. smooth: without attached
ribosomes
b. rough: with attached ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
It is a set of flattened sacs that serves
as the packaging and distribution
center
of the cell. It packages, stores, and
secretes energy.
Mitochondria
It breaks down food and release energy to cell - the
“Powerhouse” of the cell.
It also produces energy through chemical reactions –
breaking down fats and
carbohydrates. It is most common in animals
although present in plants in few
numbers. The mitochondria produce ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). The inner
membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface
area.
It has double membrane:
a. Cristae -inner folds
b. Matrix -fluid part
Ribosome
Each cell contains thousands of
ribosomes. They can either attach to
the endoplasmic reticulum or free.
It is made up of RNA and other
protein. It main function is for
synthesizing proteins.
Vesicles
They carry materials in and out of
the cell. These include food
particles needed by the cell and
waste products secreted by the cell.
Peroxisome
They absorb nutrients that cell
has acquired. They digest fatty
acids and play a role in the
digestion of alcohol, cholesterol
synthesis and digestion of
amino acids.
Chromosome
Located in the nucleus and is
made up of DNA. Contain
instructions for traits
& characteristics.
Nucleolus
It is located inside the nucleus and
contains RNA to build protein. It
is surrounded by a fluid called
nucleoplasm.
Vacuoles
The vacuole stores food or nutrients a cell
might need to survive. They may also store
waste products, so the rest of the cell is
protected from contamination. In plants, the
central vacuole regulates the plant cell’s
concentration of water in
changing environmental conditions.
Thank you!
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