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4 Fundamentals

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20 views35 pages

4 Fundamentals

Uploaded by

techdirector
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


CHOICE OF TOLERANCE SYSTEMS

THE NEWALL system : Earliest of all the systems


THE B.S.I.(B.S. 164) : Now obsolete and replaced by B.S. 1916
THE B.S.I (B.S. 1916) : Based on the I.S.O. system virtually
identical with the latest Canadian and
American Standards.
THE A.S.A. System : Originally published in 1924.
In 1955 new standard was published
based on America-Britain-Canada
agreements similar to B.S. 1916
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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


CHOICE OF TOLERANCE SYSTEMS

THE C.S.A. CANADIAN : Similar to new B.S. with I.S.O.


designations
THE D.I.N. System : Almost identical to I.S.O
THE I.S.O System : This System is far the most
comprehensive and detailed of all
tolerance systems. It is also the most
modern system.

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Dimensions given in a drawing

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Actual measurements of the components

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Assembly problem due to chain
dimensioning

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


TOLERANCES

Knowledge of shop processes and machine capabilities.

Inorganic coatings – plating, anodizing etc

Organic coatings – primer, lacquer, paints etc

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


REDUNDANT DIMENSIONING

+0 +0
-0.15 -0.01 18.95
25.4 19.05 25.25

+0 44.45
-0.25 44.45
44.45

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


FEATURES & REFERANCE DIMENSIONS

A feature is a specific characteristic portion of a part, such as


a surface, hole, slot, screw thread, or a profile.
Some examples are
• The axis of a hole
• The edge of a part
• A single flat or curved surface, to which reference is being
made, or which forms the basis for a datum.

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


REFERENCE DIMENSIONS

A reference dimension, marked REF,


• For information only (calculation purpose)
• Not for checking or manufacturing.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Typical dimensions and In-situ dimensions

A dimension marked TYP on the drawing is


applicable to all the similar entities of the drawing.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


IN-SITU DIMENSIONS

The dimension marked In-situ on the drawing implies


that the given dimension to be machined / maintained /
verified / inspected on the spot / at the site of the
operation before disturbing its position / location.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


FUNDAMENTAL RULES

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Specification of values

Values shall be specified on the drawing


for every dimension necessary to define the
size or location of each surface, line, point,
or feature of the item delineated thereon.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Independency of requirements

Every requirement on the drawing is


intended to be applied independently, without
reference to other dimensions, conditions, or
characteristics unless a particular relationship is
specified.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Implied geometrical form

Every part or feature is intended to have the


geometric form, which the drawing represents.

Exaggeration of small dimensions 16

THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Angular dimensions

Angular dimensions are intended to control


the general orientation of lines and surfaces,
rather than individual points on the lines and
surfaces.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Linear dimensions (without datums)

When datums are not specified, linear dimensions are


intended to apply on a point-to-point basis, either between
opposing points on the indicated surfaces, or directly between the
points indicated on the drawing.

Application of diameter dimensions


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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Application of diameter dimensions

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Application to interrupted surface

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Thickness of thin part

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Measuring of formed parts

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Measurement of location

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Measurement of
bowed part

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Location dimensions (with datums)

When location dimensions originate from a feature or


surface indicated as datum, measurement is made from
the theoretical datum, and not from the actual
feature
or surface of the part

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Location dimensions (with datums)

Dimension referred
to a datum

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

RULE:1
If dimension refers to two parallel edges
or planes, the larger edge or surface is
assumed to be datum feature

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

Assumed datum

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

Rule:2
If only one of the extension lines refers
to a straight edge or surface, the
extension that edge or surface is
assumed to be the datum.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

Assumed datum

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

Rule:3
If both extension lines refers to offset
points,rather than to edges or surface, it
should generally be assume that the
datum is a line running through one of
these points, and parallel to the line or
surface to which dimensionally related.

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


ASSUMED DATUMS

Assumed datum

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


SINGLE LIMIT DIMENSIONS

Single limit dimensioning

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


Number of Significant Figures

The Precision of limits and tolerances is


not affected by the number of decimal
places involved,nor by their expression as
decimal or common fractions,unless
specifically modified by a note on the
drawing

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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY


TAYLOR PRINCIPLE
TAYLOR PRINCIPLE ENUNCIATED BY W TAYLOR IN
1905 CONCERNS THE SYSTEM OF GAUGING FOR
MATING PARTS.
EXTENERNAL FEATURE OF A PART LIKE A SHAFT
MUST ENTER THE RING GAUGU OF PERFECT FORM
HAVING DIAMETER EQUAL TO MMC OF THE PART
AND LENGTH EQUAL TO LENGTH OF ENGAGEMENT.
THE DIAMTER OF THE SHAFT SHALL NOT BE LESS
THAN THE LMC LIMIT AT ANY POINT OF
MEASUREMENT.
INTERNAL FEATURE OF A PART LIKE A HOLE SHALL
BE CHECKED WITH PLUG GUAGE IN THE SAME WAY.
WHEN TAYLOR PRINCIPLE IS TO BE INVOKED, IT IS
SHOULD BE SPECIFIED ON THE DRAWING BY MEANS
OF A GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCE OF ZERO MMC.
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THE INSTITUTE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

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