New

syllabus
Computer Science 2023-24
Class XII ( As
per CBSE
Board)
Chapter 6
Computer
Network and
Network types
 In previous part, we learnt following points...
• Network . • Transmission Media
• Benefits of Network • Twisted Pair
• Terminology of Network • Co-axial Cable
• Structure of Network • Fiber Optical Cable
• Types of network • Wireless Media
• LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN • Microwaves
• Internet • Infrared Waves
• Intranet • Satellite Link
• Node
• Server
• NIU
• Interspace
• Channel
 In Part – 2 , we will discuss following points……….

1. Topology ■ NIC Card

2. Network stack ■ MAC Address
3. Modulation ■ RJ-45
4. Collision ■ Modem
5. Error Checking ■
AndHub
correcting codes
■ Repeater
6. MAC
■ Switch
7. Routing
■ Router
8. Domain name Systems
■ Bridge
9. URL Structure
■ Gateway
10. Basic Networking tools
11. Protocols
 2

Networking Devices
□ Networking devices are equipments that
allow
receive or transmit data or signal and used

to
make communication channel.
□ Some common Networking devices are-
■ Modem
■ Hub
■ Switch
■ Router
■ Bridge
■ Gateway
■ Repeater
 Network devices

NIC – This is at top among other networking devices and mostly used networking device.
This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card. It allows our PC to
communicate with other PCs. A PC uses parallel data transmission to transmit data between
its internal parts where as the media that connects this PC with other device/PCs uses serial
data transmission. A NIC converts parallel data stream into serial data stream and vice
versa. Each NIC that is attached to a workstation has a Unique number identifying it which is
known as MAC Address.
 9

MAIN POINTS ABOUT Ethernet Card:

• It is a hardware device that helps in the connection

of nodes within a network.
• Ethernet card is also known as a network
card, network adapter or NIC (network interface
card).
• Itis a card that allows computers to
communicate
• On Ethernetover a computer
card, network.
a physical of
address communicating computer is each
mentioned.
• Physical address is known as MAC
address.
 Media Access Control (MAC)
• A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a 48 bit address, used to establish communication
between two hosts in an Ethernet network.
• It is a hardware address which gets fixed for individual network interface card (NIC) and can
not be changed later.
• A MAC address should always be unique. It is also known as physical address.
• MAC address is a 6 digit hexadecimal number.

You can check your computer’s

MAC address and IP address by
using this command on DOS
prompt.

RJ-45 (Registered Jack – 45) is an eight wired connector that is used to connect
computers on a local area network (LAN), especially Ethernet.
 3

MODEM
is a device that
□ A MODEM (MOdulator-DEModulator)
connect Telephone line to Computer.
 It converts Digital signal into Analog (Modulation) and
Analog to Digital (Demodulation). This conversion is
required because Telephone lines can’t carry digital data
 Generally it is used to
connect a PC with Telephone lines
to access Internet or make
 voice call and FAX using PC.
It may Internal or External type. Now days DSL
Modem is used to access Broadband Internet.
 4

Hub
□ A Hub or Concentrator is a connecting device which
connects multiple computers together to form a LAN.
□ It provides various RJ-45 ports to connect Twisted Pair cable
in STAR topology and making them act as a single network
segment.
□ Hubs make Broadcast type Network and
do not manage traffic that comes through
them. Signal entering any port is broadcast out on all other
ports.
□ Type of Hub
■ Active
Amplify
Hub: the
required and
signal when
as
Repeater.
■ Passive Hub: works a
It simply the
passes without any signal
change.
 REPEATER

In a network signal travels a long distance in transmission media.

Due to resistance of media signal becomes weak. Repeater is a
networking device which regenerates the signal and forwards these
signal with more power.
 5

Bridges
□ Bridges are used to connect two LAN or two segment of
the same LAN or divide a large network into smaller
segments. Connecting LANs must have the same Protocol.
□ Unlike repeaters, bridges contain logic that allows them to
keep traffic for each segment separate. This way bridges
provide some security to the individual segments.
□ When a data frame enters a bridge, it not only regenerates
the signal but also checks its destination and forwards only
to the segment to which the address belongs.
 6

Switch
•A switch operates in the layer 2, i.e. data link layer of the OSI model.
•It is an intelligent network device that can be conceived as a multiport network bridge.
•It uses MAC addresses (addresses of medium access control sublayer) to send data packets to
selected destination ports.
•It uses packet switching technique to receive and forward data packets from the source to the
destination device.
•It is supports unicast (one-to-one), multicast (one-to-many), and broadcast (one-to-all)
communications.
•Transmission mode is full duplex, i.e. communication in the channel occurs in both the
directions at the same time. Due to this, collisions do not occur.
•Switches are active devices, equipped with network software and network management
capabilities.
•Switches can perform some error checking before forwarding data to the destined port.
 7

Router
□ A router is a layer 3 or network layer device.
 Router is a networking device which connect multiple
Networks irrespective of their Protocols.
 Routers works at IP Address where as Bridge works at MAC
address.
 Routers have the intelligence to determine the best possible
route for data packets to travel. There are a number of routers
present in large network to aid in speedy delivery of data
packets.
Router maintains a table of addresses (called routing table)
that keeps a track of delivery paths of data packets.
 ROUTING
• Router is responsible for routing for
traffic in a network.
• Routing the process of moving
datais packets between different
networks.
• Two different network can
not
communicate with each other. A
medium is required switch
packets
to between them, router does
this work.
• Router acts as an interface between
two different networks. There is a
routing table in a router.
 8

Gateways
•A Gateway is a device that connects
dissimilar networks. It establishes
connection between LAN and External
Network with different structure.
•A Gateway is a protocol converter that
connects two dissimilar networks having
different protocols i.e. It can accept a
•packet formatted for one protocol (e.g.
AppleTalk) and convert it to a packet
formatted for another protocol (e.g. TCP/IP)
before forwarding it.
•A gateway can be implemented in
hardware,
software or both, but they are usually
implemented by software installed within a
router.
•A LAN gets connected to Internet(WAN)
using a gateway.
 10

Wi-Fi Card:
• A Wi-Fi card is either an internal or external Local Area
Network adapter with a built-in wireless radio and
antenna.
• A Wi-Fi card is used in a desktop computer that enables a
user to establish an internet connection.
• Wi-Fi cards are known as wireless fidelity cards as they
allow the user to set up connection without any wire.
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) cards are widely used in notebook
computers due to their highly portable nature.
• The most common Wi-Fi cards used in desktop computers
are PCI-Express Wi-Fi cards made to fit the PCI-Express
card slots on the motherboard.
Video to show difference between Hub, Switch
and Router

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1z0ULvg_pW8

Video to show difference between Hub, Switch

Router and Gateway

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSofEFBizNU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYwPOKJnqC0
 Computer Network

Network Layout –
The plan or design or arrangement of network wings and nodes
to be laid out is known as network layout.

A good network layout provides the following features

 Communication speed
 File sharing
 Back up and Roll back is easy
 Software and Hardware sharing
 Security
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Computer Network

Network Layout –
The plan or design or arrangement of network wings and nodes
to be laid out is known as network layout.

A good network layout provides the following features

 Communication speed
 File sharing
 Back up and Roll back is easy
 Software and Hardware sharing
 Security
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Computer Network

How to decide Network Layout –

The network layout can be best which provide

less installation and maintenance cost as well as
easy installation and maintenance. It is only
possible when it is properly designed, design
with shortest cable length and fulfill our
network requirements.
How to decide Network Layout – Example
Freya Tech Corporation (FTC) is a professional consultancy company. The
company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at
Udaipur. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and
suggest them the best network layout.
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible bus topologies

a) Human Resource - -> Finance = 110+80 =190m
> Conference
b) Conference -> Finance - Human Resource = 80+40
> =120m
c) Finance -> Human Resource - Conference
>All can be arranged in round robin manner = 40+110=150m
Ring topology will be discarded as it will increase the cable length
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible Star topologies

 Here best layout is
a) Human Resource = 110+40 =150m b) finance to
conferece
Conference Finance and
finance to
b) = 80+40 Human resourse
Finance
=120m as it require
Conference Human Resource minimum cable
length
Conference Tree topology will
c) = 80+110=190 be also same due to
Finance m
Human Resource only three blocks
are here
How to decide Server location– Example

Server location can be decided by seeing the number of

computers/nodes required in each block of network.
Server must be installed at the wing/block with Maximum
number of Computers due to maximum load/requirement
of services in that block in whole network .So in above
example Server can be installed at Finance block.
How to decide Repeater location
 We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Twisted pair) exceeds 100 meters (328 feet).
 We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Coaxial cable) exceeds 500 meters.
 maximum distance of a fiber optic link can be 80-100 km but it
depends on varying factors like the bit rate and the quality of the
splices and the total attenuation of distance. It also depends on
the power of the transmitter and receiver quality.
Satellite link is required when network blocks/wings are too much
far from each other or where installation of cable is hard.
For data security firewall can be installed in network.
For economic internet connection – dialup internet connection
would be preferred but for faster internet broadband internet
connection would be preferred.
How to decide hub/switch location
The answer is always switch when we can afford it. A Hub
is always half-duplex, and simply acts as a repeater. The
resulting packet collisions, even with only 2 devices, will
make it slower than simply using a cable, whereas a switch
intelligently directs traffic based on the Ethernet
address(MAC address), and is full duplex, resulting in full
speed between any devices on the network at the same
time.
In general sense Hub or switch any device can be installed
when there are more than one computer in a wing/block.
 11

WHERE THE FOLLOWING DEVICE SHOULD BE

PLACED
Devices Location
Server Large number of computers in the building
HUB/Switch Each building
Modem In the server room
It is used if the distances are higher than 70m. It
Repeater regenerates data and voice signals.
Router When one LAN is required to be connected to the other LAN
Best Layout Star (from Server), BUS topology
Twisted Pair, Ethernet Cable, Coaxial cable (when distance is
Best Cable in metres);
For large distances Fibre optics cable.
Best connecting In hilly regions, radio waves should be used and city-to-city,
technique state-to-state satellite should be used.
 12

Thank you!!!