Chapter 1

Research Process
 The Research Proposal Format
 TITLE OF THE STUDY
Chapter 1 - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
 INTRODUCTION
- Rationale of the Study
- Theoretical Background
 THE PROBLEM
- Statement of the Problem
- Hypothesis/Assumption
- Significance of the Study
 The Research Proposal Format
 THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Environment and Participants
- Instruments
- Procedures
- Statistical Treatment
 Definition of Terms
 PHASES OF RESEARCH
Thinking Phase
 Identify research problem
 Specify research purpose
 Establish context of study

Planning Phase
 Determine research approach
 Determine research design
 Develop sampling plan
 Develop and pilot test data-collection strategies
 Determine quality-control strategies
 Address ethical considerations
 Formulate plans for data analysis
Implementing Phase
 Recruit subjects
 Collect data
 Establish reliability and validity
 Prepare data for analysis

Analyzing Phase
 Analyze data
 Interpret research findings

Informing Phase
 Determine audience and dissemination
strategies
Utilizing Phase
 Apply findings in practice
The Research Title
 Guidelines in the formulation of
the Research Title
 Generally, the title is formulated before the start
of the research work. It may be revised and
refined later when needed or upon the suggestion
of the research committee.
 Should be closely related to the researcher’s
professional goals, expertise, experience and
interest.
 Guidelines in the formulation of
the Research Title
 Names the major variables that are the subject of
investigation, thereby giving an instant grasp of
what the study is all about.
 Should be brief and concise as possible
(preferably not more than 15 words)
 Guidelines in the formulation of
the Research Title
 Should be typed in capital letters, single spaced,
and centred between the right and left margins of
the page and inverted pyramid if the title has
more than one line.
 It answers the questions of what (subject matter
of the study).
 Must be eye- catching and thought provoking
 Must be within the ability of the researcher to
finance.
 Guidelines in the formulation of
the Research Title
 It is researchable and manageable, that is:
 data are available and accessible
 answers to the specific questions can be found
 equipment and instruments for research are available
and can give valid and reliable results
 it can be completed within a reasonable period of time
 Things to Remember :
 Avoid the word “A STUDY OF”.
 Avoid the terms “A SURVEY”, “AN
ANALYSIS OF”, “AN INVESTIGATION
OF”.
 Mentioning the research environment where the
study is conducted.
Verbose: The Effects of Computer-Assisted
Instruction on the Writing Skills of
Third Year High School Students
of Holy Name University, School
Year 2008-2009.

Brief: Effects of Computer- Assisted

Instruction on Writing Skills
Wordy: A Study on Maternal Role
Identity of Primiparas of the
Municipality of Corella, Year
2004-2005

Improved: Maternal Role Identity of

Primiparas
RATIONALE
OF THE
STUDY
 Rationale
 The rationale of the study is the first part under
Chapter 1 or research protocol. As part of the
introduction, it includes the overview of the
whole research. It may be composed of 3 to 5
paragraphs or a total of 2-3 pages.

Guidelines:
 introduces the general topic of interest
 establishes the scenario
 justifies the need to conduct the study
 THE
THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
Theoretical Background
schematic diagram and its brief explanation
theories / models that support the research
problem
 legal basis (optional)
 review of related literature and related
studies
 synthesis of the concepts lifted from
theories and studies
 Different Sources of the Concepts of
Literature or Theoretical Background
 Daily newspaper, popular periodical and
magazines are general sourses. They provide and
overview of a topic and leads to where more
information can be found.
 Books on specific subjects and reviews of
research are secondary sources. They provide a
level of information “once removed” from the
original work.
 Different Sources of the Concepts of
Literature or Theoretical Background
 Journals, abstracts, thesis and dissertations are
primary sources. They are original reports of the
original work.
 Internet/on-line sources can be searched/located
through Google, Yahoo!, Alta Vista, and Lycos.
These are the search engines.
 Theoretical
and
Conceptual Framework
 Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
 Theoretical Framework is an idea or concept
which prepares the reader to the objectives or
purposes of the study. the problem flows from the
theoretical framework and is established
indirectly by it.
 Conceptual framework is developed by the
researcher and may be substitute for theoretical
framework.
APPLICATIONS
Research Title: Economic Development in
Relation to the Natural Growth
of Population

This study is anchored on the Demographic Transition

Theory which maintains that the decline in the natural
increase in population can be explained by tracing the
socioeconomic development of countries, which includes
a) economic aspect (e.g. income increase); b) social
aspects (e.g. equal distribution of opportunities for social
mobility); c) health aspects (e.g. availability of advanced
medical technology and medicine); and d) psychological
aspects (e.g. enhancement of self-esteem (in Padua, 2000).
General Theory : Demographic Transition Theory
(Abstract)
Concepts: socioeconomic development, natural increase of population

Propositional Statement: Socioeconomic development has a

suppressing effect on natural increase of
population.

Translate Concepts into Variables

Socioeconomic Development = economic development
(per capita income)
Natural Increase of Population = difference between number of
crude births number of crude deaths
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) = CBR - CDR

Formulate Hypothesis

Specific Countries that have high increase in per capita income experience decline
(Concrete) in the natural increase of population.
Sample THEORIES
Competence Motivation Theory
Self - Efficacy Theory
Dispositonal Theory
Title:
“Tracer
Study of BSED EMPLOYMENT
a.Profile
Mathematics b.Self-efficacy
Graduates” c.Job - Satisfaction

PROPOSED ACTION PLAN

Refresher Course
Job Placement Program
 THE
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
&
HYPOTHESIS
 The problem statement sets the direction of
the study. It is the verbalization of the
“question” which the study proposes to
answer. This is divided into the main
problem and the subsidiary problems. These
can be stated in declarative or interrogative
form.
 The research problem should be
researchable.
 A researcher knows that a problem
is researchable when:

 There is no known solution to the problem.

 The solution can be answered by employing
statistical methods and technique.
 There are probable solutions but they are not yet
tested.
 The problem should also be
researchable. A researcher knows
that a problem is researchable when:
 The occurrence of the phenomena requires
scientific investigation to arrive at precise
solution.
 The research problem should be stated vividly
and explicitly expressed in interrogative form or
questions have the virtue of posting a problem
directly.
 Characteristics of a Research Problem
Specific. The problem should be specifically stated.
Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research
instruments (questionnaire, tests, etc.) in
collecting data.
Achievable. The data are achievable using correct
statistical techniques to arrive at precise results.
Realistic. Results are not manipulated.
Time- bounded. Time frame is required in every
activity because the shorter completion of the
activity the better.
 Developing a Research Problem

Sort and Discard

Find a Topic
Evaluate

Be curious
Narrow and ▪ researchability Develop
Refine ▪ personal
interest Research
Browse ▪ significance
Ask Questions
▪ ethics Problem
▪ feasibility
Converse Scan literature √ time Title
√ participants
Share ideas √ expertise
Read
with colleagues √ equipment
and
Think facilities
√ money
 Statement of the Problem/
Objectives
 Research problem and research objectives differ
in form. Research problem is stated in
interrogative or question form. Research
objective is stated in declarative form.
Examples:

“PROBLEMS MET BY SCIENCE AND

MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTORS AND
PROFESSORS IN STATE UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES”
 Problem:

The main problem of this study is to determine the

problems met by Science and Mathematics
Instructors and Professors at the SUC in Region 7
in S.Y. 1994-1995.
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following questions:
1. What are the problems met by Science and
Mathematics instructors and professors at the
SUC in relation to:
1.1 administration and supervision
1.2 instructional materials
1.3 teacher factor, and
1.4 student factor?
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following questions:
2. What is the most pressing problem met by
Science and Mathematics Instructors and
Professors at the SUC in relation to:
2.1 administration and supervision
2.2 instructional materials
2.3 teacher factor, and
2.4 student factor?
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following questions:
3. Is there a significant difference in the mean rank
of the problems met by Science and
Mathematics Instructors and Professors at the
SUC in Region 7i in relation to:
3.1 administration and supervision
3.2 instructional materials
3.3 teacher factor, and
3.4 student factor?
 Objectives:

The main problem of this study is to determine the

problems met by Science and Mathematics
Instructors and Professors at the SUC in Region 7
in S.Y. 1994-1995.
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following objectives:
1. To identify the problems met by Science and
Mathematics instructors and professors at the
SUC in region 7 in relation to:
1.1 administration and supervision
1.2 instructional materials
1.3 teacher factor, and
1.4 student factor.
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following objectives:
2. To find out the most pressing problems met by
Science and Mathematics instructors and
professors at the SUC in region 7 in relation to:
2.1 administration and supervision
2.2 instructional materials
2.3 teacher factor, and
2.4 student factor.
 Specifically, it attempts to answer
the following objectives:
3. To determine the significant difference in the
mean rank of the problems met by Science and
Mathematics Instructors and Professors at the
SUC in Region 7 in relation to administration
and supervision, instructional materials, teacher
factor, and student factor.
THE HYPOTHESIS
 Defined as a temporary or tentative
explanation about the relationship between
certain behaviours, phenomena, or events
which have occurred or will occur.
 Hypothesis is important for it tells the
investigator what to do and how to go about
solving a research problem. It is also defined
as a wise guess that is formulated and
temporarily adopted to explain the observed
facts covered by the study.
 Types of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis (H0) is a denial of an existence

of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of
an effect. It is always stated in negative form.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is the affirmation of
the existence of an observed phenomenon. It is
always stated a positive form.
 Example:

PROBLEM: . Is there a significant difference in the

mean rank of the problems met by Science and
Mathematics Instructors and Professors at the
SUC in Region 7 in relation to:
3.1 administration and supervision
3.2 instructional materials
3.3 teacher factor, and
3.4 student factor?
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant
difference in the mean rank of the problems
met by Science and Mathematics Instructors
and Professors at the SUC in Region 7 in
relation to:
3.1 administration and supervision
3.2 instructional materials
3.3 teacher factor, and
3.4 student factor?
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a
significant difference in the mean rank of
the problems met by Science and
Mathematics Instructors and Professors at
the SUC in Region 7 in relation to:
3.1 administration and supervision
3.2 instructional materials
3.3 teacher factor, and
3.4 student factor?
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Research Methodology
 Significance of the Study
 lists the benefits of the study either to a body of
scientific knowledge, to practitioners in the area
of the research or to any other group which will
benefit from the results.
 It answer the questions: Why is it important for
the study to be conducted? Who will benefit from
it? What benefits could be derived from the
sudy?
 It is presented either in the inductive or deductive
perspective.
 Scope and Limitation of the Study
 indicates study coverage and limitations with
concrete reference.
 this section of the thesis includes:
 coverage of the study
 the subjects
 the research instrument
 the duration of the study
 Research Methodology
 Research Environment - location of the study
 Research Subjects - the elements being studied.
 Research Respondents - the elements or group
who will provide the data
 Research Participants - the elements involved in
the study
 Research Methodology
 Research Instruments - includes tests,
questionnaires, interview
 Research Procedure - what the researcher willdo
and how it will be done
 Statistical Treatment - description of how one
proposes to arrange or interpret the data gathered
so that conclusions may be drawn from them.
 ACTIVITY
 Go to your group and construct your Chapter 1.
 Pass it this friday after checking your paper to
your chosen English Critique teacher.