WHAT IS

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
Basic skills to help start your research
Divide the class into five groups. Then follow
the mechanics of the activity

• . Mechanics:
Discuss the following topics:
a. Definition of quantitative research
b. Advantages of quantitative research
c. Disadvantages of quantitative research
d. Importance of quantitative research
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research, according to Aliaga and
Gunderson, (2000), is "explaining phenomena by collecting
numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically
based methods (in particular statistics)." This type of
research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in
studying phenomenon which must contend with the
problems of measurement.

A phenomenon is a peculiar incident that can happen

anywhere, with any discipline or in any organization.
Examples are increase in sales, change in turn-over rates,
change in drop-out rates, decrease in the number of failing
students in Mathematics, shift in the percentage of dengue
patients, rise in the rate of youth drug addiction, and
decrease in juvenile crime rates in the rural areas.
 In studying a phenomenon, quantitative researchers
attempt to measure relevant factors and variables by
attaching numeric values that express quantity. Analyzing
numbers to answer a scientific inquiry is done through
mathematical formulas usually used in descriptive and
inferential statistics.

Quantitative research is the traditional, positivist

scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly,
disciplined procedures to acquire information. It utilizes
deductive reasoning to generate predictions that are
tested in the real world. It is systematic since the
researcher progresses logically through a series of steps
and according to a pre-specified plan of action.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is reliable and 4. It looks at the 7. The subjectivity of

objective. connections between its methodology is a
variables and secondary concern.
2. It uses statistics establishes cause and
to generalize a effect relationships in 8. It deals with the
finding. highly controlled details of the
circumstances. subject.
3. It reduces and
5. It tests theories or
restructures a
hypotheses.
complex problem to
a limited number of 6. It assumes that the
variables. sample is
representative of the
population.
 ADVANTAGES OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It allows the 3. Standards are usually 5. Processes

researcher to measure used in choosing the involved are
and analyze the data instruments, in sampling simplified since the
procedures, and in
to arrive at an steps in doing
choosing the most
objective answer to appropriate statistical
quantitative
the problem posed or treatment, thus making research are made
stated. the research replicable. easy and
systematic.
2. The result is reliable 4. Personal biases can be
since the study uses a avoided since personal 6. Results can be
big sample of the interaction is not part of reduced through
population. the research process. statistical
treatments and
interpreted in a few
statements.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1.The context of the study or the
5. In experimental research, the
experiment is ignored in such a
level of control might not be
way that it does not consider the
normally placed in the real world
natural setting where the study is
because it is usually done in a
conducted.
laboratory.
2. Having a large study sample
requires researchers to spend
6. Preset or fixed alternative
more resources.
answers may not necessarily reflect
3. Results are limited since they are
the true answers of the
usually based on the analysis of
participants.
numbers and are not obtained
from detailed narratives.
7. Findings can be influenced by the
4. It provides less elaborate
researcher's perspective since most
accounts of human perceptions.
of the time, the participants are
unknown to him/her.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN
DIFFERENT FIELDS

• Most areas of study have to deal with processes that involve

experimentations, tests, and research. In these situations,
quantitative measures are more or less involved. In validating
results or findings, quantitative research can be useful. Whenever
there are data or numbers to be surveyed, such as the prevailing
behaviors, attitudes, patterns and trends, and other quantifiable
aspects, quantitative research serves as a multi-purpose method;
i.e. to test, to identify, to count, to assess, to clarify jobs, etc.
Some areas of study and the function of quantitative research in
them are provided below.
 Quantitative research can be used in
measuring the level of performance of
students as well as the teachers. It can also be
used to assess the effectiveness of the
methods used, the different programs

Education conducted, and the satisfaction of all

stakeholders in the educational sector
including students, faculty, parents,
administrators, the community, the
government, and nongovernmental
organizations. Through this research method,
the interests of these groups can be advanced
or enhanced by implementing quantifiable best
practices.
 Quantitative research is a very valuable tool in
business when it is used intelligently. It can
improve the overall marketing strategy; help
the company make informed decisions on how
to move forward with a particular product or

Business service; and even solicit consumers' opinions

for productivity. This type of research is largely
utilized in product development and to create
favorable marketing campaigns. Data that are
often used in this type of research are market
size, demographics, and user-preferences.
 Since health practitioners are concerned with
human life, the discharge of their duties is very
critical. Thus, healthcare procedures, routines, and
other systems must be based on the result of
scientific investigation. The statistics on the rate of
Medical recovery, the number of patients with illnesses and
sicknesses, the efficacy of medicines and drugs,
and Health among others, when analyzed, can become rich
sources of information and a basis of good
Allied practices in medical treatment and intervention.
Experimental research on effective medicines,
Services. vaccines and other drugs to cure specific sickness
or illness, is conducted through quantitative
research. Data on the level of satisfaction of
patients on services rendered by the employees in
a hospital and the patients' profile when treated
statistically can be an ideal groups for the
distribution of health funds and assistance.
 The noted observation for a phenomenon,
the rate of processing of certain devices,
Science and the time consumed for any procedure
are factors to be considered. The data
and collected will lead to a more responsible and
accountable operation of the different
Technology. components of technology. During
experiments on new devices, inventions,
discoveries, and innovations, the recorded
data are very vital for any test of efficiency.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON YOUR
KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THE DISCUSSION

a b c d
Define Explain at Explain at Specify the
least two (2) least two (2) importance
quantitative advantages of
research characteristic and two (2) quantitative
s of research disadvantage research to
s of the different
quantitative fields of
research study.
Mention at
least two (2).
 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

A variable is any factor or property that a

researcher measures, controls, and/or
manipulates. It is also the changing quantity or
measure of any factor, trait, or condition that
can exist in differing amounts or types. It is also
a logical set of attributes, characteristics,
numbers, or quantities that can be measured or
counted. It is also called a data item.
 1. Numeric variables.
These are variables with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity
and answer the questions "how many" or "how much." These values are
considered as quantitative data.

a. Continuous variables.
These variables can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers.
The values depend on the scale used. Continuous variables are also called
interval variables. Some examples are:

• Time
• Age
• Temperature
• Height
• Weight.
b. Discrete variables.
These variables can only assume any whole value within the limits of the
given variables. Some examples are:

• the number of registered cars

• number of business locations
• number of children in the family
• population of students
• total number of faculty members.
2. Categorical variables.
These are variables with values that describe a quality or
characteristic of a data unit like "what type" or "which
category."

a. Ordinal variables.
These variables can take a value which can be logically
ordered or ranked. Some examples are:

• academic grades such as A, B, C

• clothing size such as X, L, M, S
• measures of attitudes like strongly agree, agree,
disagree, or strongly disagree.
b. Nominal variables.
These are variables whose values cannot be organized in
a logical sequence. Some examples are:

• business types
• eye colors
• kinds of religion
• various languages
• types of learners.
c. Dichotomous variables.
These variables represent only two categories. Some
examples are:

• gender (male and female)

• answer (yes or no)
• veracity (true or false).
d. Polychotomous variables.
These are variables that have many categories. Some
examples are:
• educational attainment (elementary, high school,
college, graduate, and postgraduate)
• level of performance (excellent, very good, good,
satisfactory, or poor).
3. Experimental variables
a. Independent variables.
These variables are usually manipulated in an experiment. Thus, it is also
called manipulated or explanatory variable.

b. Dependent variables.
These variables are usually affected by the manipulation of the
independent variables. They are also called response or predicted
variable.

c. Extraneous variables.
These variables are also called mediating or intervening
variables. These variables are already existing during the conduct of
an experiment and could influence the result of the study. They are
known as covariate variables
Examples:

a. Title of Research: An Experiment on the Methods of Teaching and

Language Achievement Among Elementary Pupils

Independent Variable: Method of teaching

Dependent Variable: Language achievement
Extraneous Variables: Ventilation facilities; Physical ambiance

b. Title of Research: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of Fertilizer: Their

Effects on the Amount of Harvest

Independent Variables: Use of gardening tools, types of fertilizer

Dependent Variables: Amount of harvest
Extraneous Variables: Humidity level; Types of seeds/ plants
4. Non-experimental Variables

a. Predictor Variables. These variables changes the other variable/s in a

non-experimental study.

b., Criterion Variables. These variables are usually influenced by the

predictor variables.

Examples:

a. Title of Research: Competencies of Teachers and Students' Behavior in

Selected Private Schools

Predictor Variable: Competencies of teachers

Criterion Variable: Students' behavior
b. Title of Research: Conduct of Guidance Counseling Programs
and Degree of Absenteeism and Drop-Out Rate Among Grade 8
Classes

Predictor Variable: Conduct of guidance counseling programs

Criterion Variables: Degree of absenteeism and drop-out rate

c. Title of Research: The Types of Facilities, Administrator's Profile,

and Parents' Support Towards School Effectiveness Among Public
Senior High Schools

Predictor Variables: Types of facilities; Administrator's profile;

Parent's support Criterion Variable: School effectiveness
5. Variables according to the number being studied

a. Univariate study. Only one variable is being studied

b. Bivariate study. Two variables are being studied
c. Polyvariate study. More than two variables are being studied
 Source
Scavenger
Hunt
Let’s apply our research skills
to learn more about technology
 Instructions
Find three different websites that discuss the benefits of renewable energy technologies.

Locate two academic articles that explain the principles of artificial intelligence.

Identify a government report that addresses the impact of technology on the job market.

Use the next slide as a guide in sharing results for each

topic. Note how you evaluated the credibility and
relevance your sources.
 TOPIC

Source or Source or Source or

Website Link Website Link Website Link

Summary of the essential Summary of the essential Summary of the essential

information information information

I know this source is credible because... I know this source is credible because... I know this source is credible because...
 Summary
Research is more than just using your topic or question to look for references.
Here are some skills that can come in handy when starting a research.

Identifying and Using Combining search Skimming and

Reliable Sources terms with modifiers Scanning

Always conduct a quick Use key ideas as search Using these methods will
credibility test by reviewing terms and combine them help you go through more
the resource type, author, with modifiers such as resources and quickly
website link or Universal AND, OR, and quotation identify the ones that best
Resource Locator (URL), marks fit your topic.
and if it is current. (“ ”).
 Assignment
Choose one of the topics below and read the prompts carefully. Gather sources and note down
information that would answer the prompts, based on the research skills you have learned.

Cybersecurity &
Social Media Robotics
Online Privacy

Explore how social media Investigate the importance of Explore the advantages and
platforms influence cybersecurity and its significance disadvantages of robotics in
communication, behavior, and in protecting personal and different industries such as
mental health in today's society. sensitive information. healthcare, manufacturing or
transportation.
 References
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