Creative

Writing
JEPTE C. DAGUM
KNCHS Senior High School
 Looking Back!
Raise your hand if you want to answer. A score will be
added to your participation sheet if you will tell me
something about our discussion last meeting.

What are What are What are the What are

diona, epigrams and things we have acrostic
tanaga, and spoken to remember poems? What
dalit? How are poetries What in writing so special
they being are the blank verse about them?
structured? features and or free verse?
tips in writing
epigrams and
spoken
poetry?
 Unison Reading
Read the poem below and tell us a thing or two you had
noticed.
Look...See how long nights are drawing in.
Dreary birdsong gradually abates –
Opaque dusk grows dim;
And just outside the creaky little garden
Gate,
Stood opposite the empty wood
Where the vacant threshold silently awaits,
I pause, when, resonating quietly back...
I now hear...
Far distant echoes of my glorious childhood
Tugging like a Siren upon my ear.
 Processing the Reading
1.What are you envisioning
while reading the poems?
2.How do imagery help us in
understanding poems?
3.What are the sound devices
you noticed on the two
poems?
Learning Objectives
At the end of an hour determine the techniques
and half discussion, or elements poets use to
learners are expected A convey mood and
to: communicate meaning;

analyze how mood and

B meaning are used in a
range of form or text; and

write an emotive poem

C using the elements and
techniques familiar to
students.
 BASIC 1 Form

ELEMENTS OF 2 Sound/Rhetorical Devices

POEM 3 Figurative Languages

4 Speaker

5 Imagery
 Part 1
Form (A Review)
FORM refers to the physical structure of the poem.

Narrative Lyric Kenning Epigram

Poetry Poetry Caesura Spoken Poetry
Epic Ode Quatrain Free/Blank
Metrical Elegy Couplet Verse
Romance Song Haiku Diona
Ballad Sonnet Tanka Tanaga
Metrical Cinquain Dalit
Tale Limerick Shaped Poems
Acrostic Poems
 Part 2
Sound Devices
Sound Devices are
tools used by poets to
convey and reinforce
the meaning or
experience of poetry
through skillful use of
sound.
 The Sounds of Words
Certain words can be
selected and grouped
together to achieve specific
effects when we hear them.
The sounds that are created
might sound pleasing or
soothing, clever or rhythmic,
or harsh and uncomfortable to
hear.
 The Sounds of Words
The following poetic devices
can affect the way a poem
sounds when read aloud. It's
important to remember that
these deliberate
arrangements of words can
convey a particular sense of
mood, atmosphere or
emotion.
 Alliteration
Repeated consonant
sounds at the beginning of
words placed near each other
or next to each other.
• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers.
• Slim-pinioned swallows sweep and
pass.
• The barbarians broke through the
barricade.
Other
Examples:
• Quite right
• Free as a
Assonance
breeze
• High as a kite Repeated vowel sounds in
words placed near each other,
usually on the same or
adjacent lines.
• I feel stressed and restless.
• The dapper lad chatted to
the other happy chap.
• Johnny went here and there
and everywhere.
• Go slow over the road to
nowhere.
Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate the
natural sound of the thing
they describe.
• The clang of the pots and
pans and woke the baby.
• The wolves howled at the
moon.
• Zoom! Went the race car as it
sped past the finish line.
• The bacon sizzled in the pan.
Repetition
The purposeful re-use of words
and phrases to create emphasis
or convey a particular effect.
• I will not brush my hair, I will
not wear a dress and I will not
clean my room
• We have so much stuff but
still buy more stuff then need
storage units to store all the
stuff.
Rhythm
Rhythm is when words are arranged
according to stressed and unstressed
syllables so that they make a pattern or
beat. Verses might contain a certain
cumber of syllables to create this pattern.
Rhythm helps to distinguish poetry from
prose.
Some common rhythms include iamb
(x /), trochee (/ x) or spondee (/ /).
You can usually hear rhythm if you hum
the words instead of saying them.
Rhyme & Rhyme Scheme
Rhyme refers to words that have different beginning
sounds but whose endings sound alike, including the
final vowel sound and everything following it.
Rhyme scheme refers to the pattern established by
the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem,
generally described by using letters of the alphabet
to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines.
Capital letters in the alphabetic rhyme scheme are
used for the repeating rhyming words at the end of
each verse. The letters X and Y indicate unrhymed
lines. In quatrains, the popular rhyme scheme of
ABAB is called alternate rhyme or cross rhyme and
the ABBA scheme is called envelope rhyme.
 Phonaesthetics

The study of beauty and

pleasantness associated
with the sounds of certain
words or parts of words.
Two Examples of
Phonoaesthetics:
Euphony and Cacophony
 Euphony

Euphony is the effect of

sounds being perceived as
pleasant, rhythmical, lyrical,
or harmonious.
 Euphony

Euphony may be used to

convey comfort, peace, or
serenity.
 Example
Hear the sledges with the bells--
Silver bells!
What a world of merriment their melody foretells!
How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,
In the icy air of night!
While the stars that oversprinkle
All the heavens, seem to twinkle
With a crystalline delight;
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells
From the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells--
From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.
 Cacophony

Cacophony is the effect of

sounds being perceived as
harsh, unpleasant, chaotic,
and often discordant; these
sounds are perhaps
meaningless and jumbled
together.
 Cacophony

Cacophony may be used to

convey discomfort, pain, or
disorder. This often
furthered by the combined
effect of the meaning
beyond just the sounds
themselves.
 Example
Hear the loud alarum bells-- In a mad expostulation with the
Brazen bells! deaf and frantic fire,
What tale of terror, now, their Leaping higher, higher,
turbulency tells! higher,
In the startled ear of night With a desperate
How they scream out their desire,
affright! And a resolute endeavor
Too much horrified to Now--now to sit or never,
speak, By the side of the pale-
They can only shriek, faced moon.
shriek, Oh, the bells, bells,
Out of tune, bells!
In a clamorous appealing to the What a tale their terror
 Part 3
The Meanings of Words and
Figurative Language
A word can be carefully selected
to convey a precise idea but
some words can carry several
layers or depths of meaning at
the same time. Poets can use
these or combine them with other
words for particular effects.
Some techniques that can
enhance the meaning of words
Simile
Creates a comparison
between two things by
using the words 'like' or 'as'.
• The desert was as dry as a
bone.
• Her tempers were like an
uncontrollable storm.
• He's as cool as a cucumber.
• Rain plastered the land until
it was shining like hammered
lead.
Metaphor
Creates a comparison by
stating that one thing is
another or does the actions of
another.
• The wind was a torrent of
darkness among the gusty
trees.
• Her fingers danced across
the keyboard.
• His stomach was a twisted
storm of butterflies.
Hyperbole
An intentional exaggeration
for emphasis or comic
effect. It is common in love
poetry in which it is used to
convey the lover’s intense
admiration for the beloved.
• She cried a river of tears.
• I will bring the stars for you.
• Your love cuts me into millions of
pieces.
Antithesis
Irreconcilable opposites or
strongly contrasting ideas in
sharp juxtaposition and sustained
tension. The opposing clauses,
phrases, or sentences are often
roughly equal in length and
balanced in parallel grammatical
structures.
• They promised freedom and
provided slavery.
Apostrophe
A speaker turns from the
audience as a whole to address a
person or thing. An address to a
dead person as though they were
alive, an absent person as though
he were present, an inanimate
object as though he were
animate.
• O, Rizal! Rise and save the youth.
• Death, be not proud.
Personification
Attributing human characteristics
to an inanimate object, animal, or
abstract idea.

• As I climbed the stairs, the

staircase groaned as if awoken
from a long sleep.
• The days crept by slowly,
sorrowfully.
• Seaweed snatched at his legs as
he tried to swim away.
Symbolism
When a simple or ordinary
object, event, animal, or person
represents deeper meaning or
significance.
• The dove is a symbol of peace.
• A red rose stands for love or
romance.
• A skull can represent danger or
death.
• A fork in the road may symbolize
a choice or a decision.
Word Choice & Connotation
Connotations are the ideas or feelings
evoked by a word. These are the
implications or associations we might
form which are different to a word's
literal meaning.
E.g. The words ‘animal’ and ‘beast’ refer to
the same type of creature but the second
term has connotations of wildness and
savagery.
E.g. The words ‘house’ and ‘home’ have
the same denotation but the word ‘home’
has connotations of warmth, family, safety,
belonging etc.
 Other Language Features
Paradox A statement which seems • You’ve got to be cruel to be
contradictory but may reveal an kind
unexpected truth. • I can resist anything but
temptation
• The only constant is change
Oxymoron A combination of two words that • Bittersweet
appear to contradict each other. • Clearly confused
• Seriously funny
• Deafening silence

Euphemism An understatement, used to • She is at rest

lessen the effect of a statement • I need to use the ladies
that might sound harsh, room
offensive or hurtful. • I'm currently between jobs
• She's a late bloomer
 Other Language Features
Idiom A group of words established by • I was over the moon.
usage as having a meaning not • Put in some elbow grease.
deducible from those of the • She was sitting on the fence.
individual words. • I have my finger on the
pulse.
Metonym A figure of speech in which a • The pen is mightier than the
person, place or thing is sword.
referred to by something closely • Wall Street braces for further
associated with it. rate rises.

Allusion A brief reference to a person, • I thought the software would

historical event, biblical or be useful, but it was a Trojan
mythological situation or Horse.
character. • Chocolate cake is my
kryptonite.
 Part 4
The Arrangement
of Words
The poet decides on how the words are
arranged into a certain order or sequence to
achieve a particular effect. The structure of
the poem can also contribute to its overall
meaning.

Some words used to identify the structure

and arrangement of a poem are as follows.
 Point of View
The vantage point of the speaker. In poetry, this
is also sometimes referred to as the persona.
• First person – the speaker is a character in the
story or poem and tells it from his/her
perspective (uses “I”).
• Second person - an unusual form of
storytelling that addresses the reader directly
(uses “you”)
• Third person limited – the speaker is not part
of the story, but tells about the other
characters through the limited perceptions of
one other person (uses “he”, “she” or “they”)
• Third person omniscient – the speaker is not
part of the story, but is able to “know” and
describe what all characters are thinking (uses
“he”, “she” or “they”)
Verses & Stanzas
A verse is one single line of a poem arranged in
a metrical pattern.

A stanza is a group of verses where the lines

are arranged into a unit and often repeated in
the same pattern throughout the poem (similar
to a paragraph).

Poems are made up of multiple verses and

stanzas and poets can make particular choices
in the length and number of verses and
 Enjambment
When lines or verses have incomplete
syntax and the meaning runs over from one
poetic line to the next without punctuation.
It might be used for the following reasons:
• fosters fluidity to allow a more narrative-
like style within a poem as thoughts
aren't confined to a single verse
• increases the pace or momentum by
eliminating pauses at each line break so
the reader continues onto the next verse
more quickly
• moves the reader forward to reach the
resolution of the poet's thought sooner
 Part 5
The Imagery of Words
Although poems explore deep human emotions or
thoughts, an audience won't generally respond very
strongly unless the poem creates imagery. These are
the vivid mental pictures or sensations created through
descriptive words.

The poet must include these details that calls upon the
five senses in order to show the reader rather than to
merely tell them about the subject. The six main types
of imgagery are as follows.
Visual Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
sight.
E.g. The shimmering
sun bounced waves
of light off the
surface of the ocean.
Auditory/
Aural Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
sound.
E.g. She could hear
the gentle whisper
of the breeze and
the chirping of the
birds.
Olfactory
Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
smell.
E.g. The sticky sweet
scent of cinnamon
donuts wafted in the
air.
Tactile
Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
touch.
E.g. The grass
prickled his skin as
he lay on the sports
ground.
Gustatory
Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
taste.
E.g. She could still
taste the salty sea
water on her lips.
Kinesthetic
Imagery
Imagery that calls
upon our sense of
movement.
E.g. Tripping and
stumbling she
lurched towards the
traitor with her arms
outstretched.
 Your Turn
Now that we've revisited these
features, let's look at a range of poems
and consider the choices the poets
have made to communicate various
moods, themes or experiences. In an
intermediate paper (1 half lengthwise),
kindly list at least 5 features for each
poem.
 Sample Answer
The Jabbewocky by Lewis Caroll
Unrhymed
Use of Allusion
Use of Simile
Use of Repetition
Cacaphonous
>> The Bells by Edgar All an Poe
Hear the sledges with the bells--
Silver bells!
What a world of merriment their melody
foretells!
How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,
In the icy air of night!
While the stars that oversprinkle
All the heavens, seem to twinkle
 With a crystalline delight;
Keeping time, time, time,
In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells
From the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells--
From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.
>> A Bird, came down the Walk by Emily Dickinson
A bird came down the Walk
He did not know I saw –
He bit an Angle Worm in halves
And ate the fellow, raw

And then, he drank a Dew

From a convenient Grass
And then hopped sidewise to the
Wall
To let a Beetle pass -
 He glanced with rapid eyes
That hurried all abroad –
They looked like frightened Beads – I
thought
He stirred his Velvet Head

Like one in danger, Cautious

I offered him a Crumb
And he unrolled his feathers
And rowed him softer Home –

Than Oars divide the Ocean

Too silver for a seam
Or Butterflies, of Banks of Noon
 Player Piano
My stick fingers click with a
snicker
And, chuckling, they knuckle the
keys;
Light-footed, my steel feelers
flicker
And pluck from these keys
melodies
 My paper can caper; abandon
Is broadcast by dint of my din,
And no man or band has hand in
The tones I turn on from within.

At times I’m jumbled or rumbles,

At others I’m light like the moon
But never my numb plunker
fumbles
Misstrums me, or ties a new tune
>>Dhammapada (attributed to Buddha)

It would be better if, instead of a thousand words

There was only one, a word that brought Peace.
It would be better if instead of thousand poems,
There was only one, a poem that revealed true
Beauty.
It would be better if, instead of a thousand songs,
There was only one, a song that spread Happiness
>> Jabberwocky by Lewis Caroll
Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the bogoroves,
And the mome raths outgrabe

Beware the Jabberwock, my son!

The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!
 He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought –
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.

And the uffish thought he stood,

The Jabberwock, with eyes if flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came.

One, two! One, two! And through and through

The vorpal blade went snicke-snack!
He left if dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back
>> The Eagle by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Closed to the sun in lonely lands,
Ring’d with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
Elements Used: