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NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KALIYAPURAM, COIMBATORE
[Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna
University]
Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Course: U23AE303 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Unit - I: STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS

Module I

Mrs.T.BANU ,
Assistant Professor SG,
Department of Aeronautical engineering,
Nehru Institute of Technology ,
Strength Of Materials :

Strength of materials, also called

Mechanics of materials, is a subject which
deals with the behaviour of Deformable
solid objects subject to stresses and
strains.
The study of strength of materials often
refers to various methods of calculating
Deformable body:

A deformable body is defined as a body on

which the distance between two points
changes under action of some forces when
applied on it.
Rigid Body:

• A rigid body is defined as a body on

which the distance between two points
never changes whatever be the force
applied on it.
STRENGTH
 The strength of a material is its capacity to
withstand destruction under the action of
external loads.
 It determines theability of a
material to withstand stress without
failure.
 The maximum stress that any material will
withstand before destruction is called
ultimate strength.
 ELASTICITY
 The property of material by virtue of which
deformation caused by applied load
disappears upon removal of load.
 Elasticity of a material is the power of
coming back to its original position after
deformation when the stress or load is
removed.
bonds
stret
ch

return to
initial

F Elastic means reversible.
PLASTICITY
 The plasticity of a material is its ability to
undergo some degree of permanent
deformation without rupture or failure.
 Plastic deformation will take only
after the elastic limit is
exceeded.
 It increases with increase in temperature.

 F
linear linear
elastic elastic

plastic

Plastic means permanent.

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR
DUCTILE MATERIALS
 STIFFNES
S:
 The resistance of a material to elastic
deformation or deflection is called
stiffness or rigidity.
 A material which suffers slight deformation
under load has a high degree of stiffness
or rigidity.
 E.g. Steel beam is more stiffer
or more rigid than aluminium
beam.
 DUCTILITY
 It is the property of a material which
enables it to draw out into thin wires.
 E.g., Mild steel is a ductile material.
 The percent elongation and the reduction
in area in tension is often used as
empirical measures of ductility.
Malleabili
ty

 Malleability of a material is its ability to be

flattened into thin sheets without cracking
by hot or cold working.
 E.g Lead can be readily rolled and
hammered into thin sheets but can be
drawn into wire.
Comparison of ductility and
malleability

 Ductility and Malleability are

frequentlyused interchangeably many
times.
 Ductility is tensile quality, while
malleability is compressive quality.
RESILIENCE
 It is the capacity of a material to absorb
energy elastically.
 The maximum energy which can be stored
in a body up to elastic limit is called the
proof resilience, and the proof resilience
per unit volume is called modulus of
resilience.
 The quantity gives capacity of the material
to bear shocks and vibrations.
 HARDNES
S
 Hardness is a fundamental property which is
closely related to strength.
 Hardness is usually defined in terms of the
ability of a material to resist to scratching,
abrasion, cutting, indentation, or penetration.
 Methods used for determining hardness:
Brinel, Rockwell
 And Vickers.
 BRITTLENES
S
It is the property breaking without much
permanent distortion
E.g, Glass, Cast iron,etc.
CREEP
 The slow and progressive deformation of a
material with time at constant stress is called
creep.
 Depending on temperature, stresses even
below the elastic limit can cause some
permanent deformation.
 It is most generally defined as
time-dependent strain occurring under
stress.
FATIGUE
 This phenomenon leads to
fracture under repeated or
fluctuating stress.
 Many components of high speed aero and
turbine engines are of this type.
STRESS

 The sum total of all the elementary

interatomic forces or internal resistances
which the material is called upon to exert to
counteract the applied load is called stress.
 Mathematically, the stress is expressed as

unit of stress is 𝑁𝑚−2 Same as that of

force divided by cross-sectional area. The SI

pressure
STRAIN

 Strain is the dimensional response

given by material against mechanical
loading/Deformation produced per unit
length.
 Mathematically Strain is change in length
divided by original length.
 Types of Strain;

• Since the deforming force can produce three

of deformations (i.e. Change in length, or
volume or shape) in a body, there are three
types of strain;

i. Longitudinal strain

ii. Volumetric strain

iii. Shearing strain

Shearing
Strain

• The figure below is said to be sheared

through an angle 𝜃.

Shearing strain = 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = ∆𝑥
𝑙
 Types of Elastic
constants

Corresponding to three types of strain, there are three

module of elasticity;

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙= 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
ii. Bulk modulus of elasticity, K𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
i. Young’s Modulus of elasticity, Y

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
=

Modulus of rigidity, 𝜂 Sℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
iii. =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Modulus of Elasticity
Young's modulus, also known as the tensile
modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐

the stiffness of an elastic material.

𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
Its unit is “pa” or N/m2

NB: If the modulus of elasticity of a material is

large, it means a larger stress will produce only a
small strain.
Example
1
Calculate the percentage increase in length wire
of diameter 2.2 mm stretched by a load
Young’s modulus of 100Kg. Of wire is
Bulk Modulus
(K)
• This refers to situations in which the
volume (i.e. bulk) of a substance is
changed by the application of external
E=3K(1−2μ)
normal stress.

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Bulk modulus, 𝐾
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Example 2
Stress Strain and Extension of
each Bar
Portion Stress Strain Extension

3/11/20
1 σ1 = P/ A1 e1 = σ1 / E δ1 = P L1 / A1 E

15
2 σ2 = P/ A2 e2 = σ2 / E δ2 = P L2 / A2 E

3 σ3 = P/ A3 e3 = σ3 / E δ3 = P L3 / A3 E

• Total elongation,

δ = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 = [P L1 / A1 E] + [P L2 / A2 E] + [P L3
38 A3 E]
 POISSON’S
RATIO
• When body subjected to axial tensile force,
it elongates and contracts laterally

• Similarly, it will contractand its sides expand

laterally when subjected to an axial compressive
force
POISSON’S RATIO (ν) …

• ν is unique for homogenous and isotropic

material
• Why negative sign?
Longitudinal elongation lateral contraction (-
ve strain) and vice versa
• Lateral strain is the same in all lateral
(radial) directions

• Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5

Stress in Composite
Bar
• A composite bar may be defined as a bar made

3/11/20
up of two or more different materials, joined

15
together, in such a manner that the system
extends or contracts as one unit, equally, when
subjected to tension or compression.

ASSUMPTION
1.The extension or contraction of the bar is
being equal
2.The total external load on the bar is equal to
Relation between elastic constants
Young modulus can be expressed using Bulk
modulus and Poisson’s ratio as –
E=3K(1−2μ)
Similarly, Young’s modulus can also be
expressed using rigidity modulus and Poisson’s
ratio as-
E=2G(1+2μ)
Combining the above two equation and solving
them to eliminate Poisson’s ratio we can
get relation between Young’s modulus and bulk
modulus k and modulus of rigidity as -
 Mind mapping
Student Activity : Show the relation for this topic
using mind mapping
 Stimulative questions

1 What are the general assumptions made in stress and strain?

 2 Define Poisson’s ratio.

 3 State Hooke’s Law.
 4 Define stress & strain.
 5 Define (i) modulus of elasticity (ii) modulus of rigidity

 6 What is factor of safety?

 7 State bulk modulus.
 8 What is mean by strain energy density?
 9 Draw the stress strain curve for mild steel.
 10 State relationship between modulus of elasticity& modulus of
rigidity.
Objective Type Questions/ Quiz
1. The dimension of strain is?
a) LT-2
b) N/m2
c) N
d) Dimensionless
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Strain is the ratio of change in dimension
to original dimension. So it is dimensionless.
2. What is tensile strain?
a) The ratio of change in length to the original length
b) The ratio of original length to the change in length
c) The ratio of tensile force to the change in length
d) The ratio of change in length to the tensile force
applied
Answer: a
Explanation: The tensile stress is the ratio of tensile
force to the change i length. It is the stress induced in a
body when subjected to two equal and opposite pulls.
The ratio of change in length to the original length is the
tensile strain.
3. Find the strain of a brass rod of length 250mm which is
subjected to a tensile load of 50kN when the extension
of rod is equal to 0.3mm?
a) 0.025
b) 0.0012
c) 0.0046
d) 0.0014
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Strain = dL/L = 0.3/250 = 0.0012.
4.Some structural members subjected to a long
time sustained loads deform progressively with
time especially at elevated temperatures. What
is such a phenomenon called?
a) Fatigue
b) Creep
c) Creep relaxation
d) Fracture
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Creep is the deformation
progressively with time. It comes when the body
is subjected to long time load. After the instant
deflection due to load, the deformation occurs
slowly with time.
Anna University Questions
Part A questions
1.Define stress & strain. ( Nov2016)
2. Define (i) modulus of elasticity (ii) modulus of
rigidity (MAY 2015)
3. What is factor of safety? ( Nov2017)
Part B questions
1. A steel rod cross sectional area 1600 mm2 and two
brass rods each of cross sectionalarea 1000 mm 2
together support a load of 50 k N as shown in fig.
find the stresses in the rods. Take E for steel 2 x 10
5 N/mm 2 and brass 1 x 10 5 N/ mm2 ( Nov2017)
Assignment Question
1. A compound tube consist of an inner steel tube 170 mm
external diameter and 10 mmthickness and an outer brass
tube 190 mm external diameter and 10 mm thickness. Thetwo
tubes are of same length. The compound tube carries an axial
load of 1 M N. Find the stresses and the load carried by each

200 mm.𝐸𝑠 =200 GN/𝑚2 and 𝐸𝑏=100GN/𝑚2. (MAY 2017)

tube and the amount by which it shortens. Lengthof each tube

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References
1. Timoshenko.S.B. and Gere.J.M, “Mechanics of Materials”,
Van Nos Reinbhold, New Delhi 1999.
2. Vazirani.V.N and Ratwani.M.M, “Analysis of Structures”, Vol I
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,1995.
3. Junnarkar.S.B. and Shah.H.J, “Mechanics of Structures”, Vol
I, Charotar Publishing House, New Delhi 2016.
4. Singh. D.K., “ Strength of Materials”, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2016
5. Basavarajaiah, B.S. and Mahadevappa, P., Strength of
Materials, Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2010.
6. Gambhir. M.L., “Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics”, PHI
Learning Private Limited., New Delhi, 2009
Thanking you