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Unit Commitment

Introduction to Unit Commitment

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Emmanuel Nyantakyi
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95 views18 pages

Unit Commitment

Introduction to Unit Commitment

Uploaded by

Emmanuel Nyantakyi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELNG 406 – POWER SYSTEM

PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION

UNIT COMMINTMENT
K. A. KYEREMEH
INTRODUCTION

Since generators cannot instantly turn on and produce


power, unit commitment (UC) must be planned in advance
so that enough generation is always available to handle
system demand with an adequate reserve margin in the
event that generators or transmission lines go out or load
demand increases.

2
INTRODUCTION

• Unit commitment handles the unit generation schedule


in a power system for minimizing operating cost and
satisfying prevailing constraints such as load demand
and system reserve requirements over a set of time
periods

• The classic UC problem is aimed at determining the start


- up and shutdown schedules of thermal units to meet
forecasted demand over certain time periods (24 h to 1 3
METHODS FOR SOLVING UC

• The methods that have been studied so far fall into roughly
three categories: heuristic search, mathematical programming,
and hybrid methods.

• Optimization techniques such as the priority list, augmented


Lagrangian relaxation, dynamic programming, and the branch
– and – bound algorithm have been used to solve the classic
UC problem.

• Genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA), analytic


4
hierarchy process (AHP), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)
PRIORITY METHOD

• The classic UC problem is to minimize total operational cost


and is subject to minimum up - and downtime constraints,
crew constraints, unit capability limits, generation
constraints, and reserve constraints.

• Thus the objective function of UC consists of the generation


cost function and start - up cost function of the generators

• There are two types of start – up cost model: one is bringing


the unit online from a cold start and the other is bringing it 5

from bank status, in which the unit is turned off but still
PRIORITY MEHTOD

• The start – up cost model when cooling can be expressed in the


exponential function below:

6
PRIORITY METHOD

• The start - up cost model when banking can be expressed as a


linear function as below:

7
PRIORITY METHOD

• The simplest unit commitment solution is to list all


combinations of units on and off, as well as the corresponding
total cost to create a rank list, and then make the decision
according to the rank table.

• This method is called the priority list. The rank is based on the
minimum average production cost of the unit. The average
production cost of the unit is defined as

8
PRIORITY METHOD

• The incremental rate of the unit is defined as

9
EXAMPLE 1

• There are five generator units, and the minimum average


production costs are computed as shown in the Table on the
next slide.

• The priority order of these units based on the minimum


average production cost is also shown in the table on the next
slide

10
EXAMPLE 1

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SOLUTION

• Step (1): Compute the minimum average production cost of all units, and
order the units from the smallest value of . Form the priority list.

• Step (2): If the load is increasing during that hour, determine how many
units can be started up according to the minimum downtime of the unit.
Then select the top units for turning on from the priority list according to the
amount of load increasing.

• Step (3): If the load is dropping during that hour, determine how many units
can be stopped according to the minimum up time of the unit. Then select
the last units for stopping from the priority list according to the amount of
load dropping
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• Step (4): Repeat the process for the next hour.
EXAMPLE 2

• Use priority list method to solve the unit commitment for a


simple four – unit system. The data of the units and the load
pattern are listed in the Tables in the next slide.

• the symbol “ − ” in the initial state means the unit is offline.


For example, “ 8 ” means the unit has been online for 8
hours, and “ − 6 ” means the unit has been offline for 6
hours

13
EXAMPLE 2

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SOLUTION
THE ORDERING OF THE UNIT COMBINATIONS

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SOLUTION

• Neglecting the constraints of unit minimum up/down time. Solve UC


problem using the priority list order.

• In case 1, units are committed in order until the load is satisfied.

• The total cost for the interval is the sum of the eight dispatch costs plus
the transitional costs for starting any units.

• It can be known from the average production cost in the Table on slide 14
that the priority order for the four units is unit 3, unit 2, unit 1, unit 4.

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SOLUTION

• All possible commitments start from state 12 since the load at


first hour is 450 MW, and maximum net capacity from state 1
to state 11 is only 440 MW.

• In addition, state 13 is discarded since it does not satisfy the


order of the priority list.

• The UC results for the priority ordered method are listed in the
Table on the next slide .

17
UC RESULTS BY PRIORITY LIST

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