Human

Reproduction
♀ ♂
 Both sexes have Primary
gonads reproductive
organs called GONADS
designed for the purpose
of intercourse and
conception.
 Female Reproductive
System
Female reproductive organs are for
intercourse, reproduction, urination
pregnancy and childbirth.
Internal Female Anatomy— click on
button for
more
information

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Front View

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 Ovary (Ovaries)
 Two solid egg-shaped structures
 They are attached to the uterus by
ligaments. They are the counterpart of
the male testicles.
 Ovaries have two main functions:

#1-store and release the ova or female egg cell.

Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until
each is ripened and released after puberty.

#2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN

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 Ova (egg)
 The female reproductive cell.
 They are the largest cells in the female body.
(about the size of a grain of sand.)
 The female baby is born with all the ova she
will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary).
 About 400-500 ova mature and are released
over a lifetime

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 Oestrogen
 Estrogen is responsible for the
secondary sex characteristics and
the sex drive in females. It spurs the
onset of puberty and is responsible
for OVULATION.

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 Progesterone
 Progesterone builds up the lining of
the uterus called the endometrium in
preparation for the fertilized ovum

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 Ovulation
 When the egg is released from the ovary.
 At the age of puberty
 The ovum moves to the surface of the
ovary in bursts out
 The ova falls into the fallopian tube and
waits for fertilization
 This happens every 28 days
 It happens at about the 14th day of the
cycle
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 FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
 Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus.

 They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch

in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti
noodle).

 The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus

and sperm cells toward the egg cell.

 Fertilization takes place in the upper third of

the oviduct. Click here
 Uterus
 A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like
an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist).
 The uterus is lined with endometrium (a
blood lining.)
 The uterus has one main function—to
protect and nourish a foetus
 The walls of the uterus have the ability to
stretch to the size of a small watermelon.

 After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to

the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can
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 Cervix
 The neck or opening of the uterus.
 A normal healthy cervix is the strongest
muscle in the body.
 It dips down about half an inch into the
vagina.
 It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays
tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins
and opens for the delivery of the baby.
 How big does it need to dilate to for birth?

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 Vagina
 Female organ used for intercourse, it
is an empty passageway leading
from the vaginal opening to the
uterus.
 It is approx 7-10 cm long
 The vaginal walls are made of many
small folds of membrane that stretch
greatly to accommodate a baby
during birth.
 The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid
that helps to make intercourse Click here
 Labia majora and labia
minora
 Labia majora – two flesh fold of skin,
made up of fat and fibrous tissue.
 Contains glands that produce an oily
secretion
 Labia minora - inner highly vascular
largely connective-tissue folds
 Surround space into which the
urethra and vagina open
 Urethra
 The opening to the bladder

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 Clitoris
 A small, pea shaped bump at the
front of the labia.
 It contains a small amount of erectile

tissue.

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 Woman’s Cycle
 Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding)
 Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended
 Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts
out of
the ovary
 Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done
 Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization,
estrogen/progesterone levels
drop
and the endometrium lining
breads Click here
 TIME LINE:
 Ages 9-12
 Secondary sex characteristics appear
 Ages 11-14
 Menstrual cycle begins
 Late 20-30's
 Peak sexual urges
 Ages 45-55
 Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge
continues)

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Male Reproductive System

Male reproductive organs are for

intercourse, reproduction and
urination
 Male Anatomy Click on a button for more
information

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 Scrotum
 A sac-like pouch located behind the
penis that holds each testes and
helps regulate temperature for sperm
production.

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 Testicles or Testes
 The two testes are small organs that lie in the
scrotum and produce sperm and the male
hormone testosterone.
 The testicles are the male sex gland.
 The testicles are outside the body because the
male sperm that is manufactured in the testes
need cooler-than-body temperature for normal
growth and development.
 They are the counterpart to the female ovary.
 Loss of one does not impair the function of the
other.
 Four to five billion sperm cells are produced
each month. Click here
 Testoterone
 The male reproductive hormone
made by the testicles which causes
the changes of puberty.
 This hormone causes secondary sex
characteristics, production of sperm
and libido.
 It is produced in the testicles and
enters the bloodstream at a fairly
constant rate.
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 Sperm
 The microscopic cells produced by
the male's testicles which can
fertilize the female's ovum.
 They are tiny, living cells 100 times
smaller than a pencil dot. (the
smallest cell in a mans body
 Enough sperm would fit on the head
of a pin to re-populate the earth if
each sperm fertilized an egg.
 It is destroyed by warm body
temperature, acidic environment.
 It can survive in a women’s body for
5-8 days.
 Any sperm not ejaculated are
passed in the urine.
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 Epididymis
 the structure that forms a mass over
the back and upper part of each
testes.
 Sperm are stored there for as long as
six weeks while they ripen to
maturity.

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 Cowpers Gland
 two small pea-sized glands located
beneath the prostate gland on both
sides of the base of the penis.
 They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that
helps to neutralize the acidity of the
urethra.

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 Vas Deferens
 two long, thin tubes that serve as a
passageway for sperm and a place
for sperm storage.
 The contraction of the vas deferens
along with the action of the cilia help
transport the sperm through the vas
deferens.

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 Seminal Vesicles
 two small glands that secrete a fluid
that nourishes and enables the
sperm to move.

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 Prostate Gland
 surround the urethra beneath the
bladder. The gland secretes an
alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid
found in the male urethra and the
female reproductive tract.
 Without the action of the secretions
of the prostate gland, many sperm
would die and fertilization of an
ovum would be impossible.
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 Urethra
 A dual purpose tube that both semen and
urine pass through to leave the body.
Semen and urine never mix.
 Special muscles or sphincters surround the
urethra.
 During urination, one sphincter will relax
so that the pressure from the bladder will
push urine out from the body.
 During ejaculation, another sphincter will
relax so that semen can flow through the
urethra to the outside of the body.

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 Penis
 The male organ for sexual intercourse,
reproduction, and urination.
 The reproductive purpose of the penis is
to deposit semen in the vagina during
sexual intercourse.

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 SEMEN:
 a combination of fluid that is
produced in the seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and Cowper's gland.
This fluid nourishes and helps sperm
move through the urethra.

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 Complete questions 11.1
 Questions 1-5
 Page 280
 Will go through the answers in 10
minutes
 EJACULATION
 the passage of sperm from the penis,
a result of a series of muscular
contractions.

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 TIME LINE:
 Infancy
 Erections begin
 Ages 11-14
 Secondary sex characteristics appear
 Ages 13-16
 Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty)
 Late teens
 Peak sexual urges for boys
 Throughout life
 If good health is present, there is the sex
urge and ability to father children