S.O.

S in Lifescience
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

Biosensor and its Application

Instrumentation & techniques

Presented To, Presented By,

Vinay Kumar
Dr. M.K.Patel sir M.Sc 1st (Bioscience)
Assistant professor &
Content -

1. Introduction
2. What is biosensor
3. Principle of Biosensor
4. Components of Biosensor
5. Application in Various fields
6. Conclusion
7. Recent Researches
8. Refrences
 Here is some photographs of mini equipments we use in our daily life

© Cipla lifescienses Pvt.Ltd

Pregnency kit Glucometer Pulse oximeter

©Tatacliq pharma global thermometer
©Accusure Digitals
Ecg
©Easycareglobal.com ©Canva Pro

✔They all are the example of biosensor that can be sense the biological activities and converts the
biological response into electrical signals.
Introduction -
• There are various methods to detect the disease factor. different type of devices are available to do this.

• Biosensor is a key factor for modern science. now It is possible to detect the diseases before they occurs through the biosensor.

• The term “Biosensor” is short for “Biological sensor” that refers to a device which can sense the biological elements or process.

• "Biosensor is an analytical device used for detection of an analytes that combines biological components with physicochemical

detection".

• A biosensor converts biological response into electrical signals. It detects, record and transmits information regarding a

physiological process.

• It determines the presence and concentration of a specific substance in any a little bit of test sample.

• The first biosensor invented by Professor Leland C Clark Jar it measures the oxygen level. He is known as father of Biosensor.
 Biosensors
❑Biosensor is an analytical device used for detection of an analytes
that combines a biological components with the physiochemical
detector.
❑Biosensor are employed in application such as disease monitoring,
drug discovery & detection of pollutants. Fig – Biosensor ©Oxford biosystem

❑Quintessentially biosensors are highly specific.

❑Fabrication of biosensors, its material transducing devices and immobilization methods requires
multidisciplinary research in chemistry, biology & engineering.
❑The various types of biosensors such as enzyme based, tissue based, immunosensors, thermal biosensor,
magnetic biosensors, optical biosensor has been discovered.
❑ Biosensor has mainly 3 components –
I. Bioreceptor - Enzyme, antibody etc.
II. Transducer -
III. Signal processor
 Types of Biosensor -
▪ Enzyme-based biosensor - This sensor is one kind of analytical device, used to merge an enzyme using a transducer to
generate a signal that is proportional to the concentration of the target analyte. Further, this signal can be amplified, stored,
processed for later analysis.

▪ DNA Biosensor - The DNA biosensors were devised on the property that single-strand nucleic acid molecule is able to
recognize and bind to its complementary strand in a sample. The interaction is due to the formation of stable hydrogen
bonds between the two nucleic acid strands..

▪Electrochemical Biosensor - the electrochemical biosensor is based on the reaction of enzymatic catalysis that consumes
or generates electrons. the biological molecules are coated onto a probing surface. The sensing molecules are held in place
with the help of non-interfering membrane. Then, the sensing molecules react appropriately to the compound to be
detected and produces an electrical signal proportional to the quantity being measured

▪Optical Biosensors - Optical Fibers play an important role in Optical Biosensors. The optical fibers allow detection of the
sensing elements based on the different properties of light like absorption, scattering and fluorescence.

▪Piezoelectric Biosensors - They Mass based Biosensors. Piezoelectric Biosensors are also known as Acoustic Biosensors as
they are based on the principle of sound vibrations i.e. acoustics. When a mechanical force is applied on a piezoelectric
biosensor, they produce an electrical signal.
 Working principle of Biosensor-

Biorecognition
Analytes

Amplifier Processor
Display
Bioreceptor
Transducer

Fig -Electrochemical DNA Biosensor

Component of Biosensor -
A typical biosensor is represented in it consists of the following components. -

1. Analyte: A substance of interest that needs detection. For instance, glucose is an ‘analyte’ in a biosensor
designed to detect glucose. Example - Hemoglobin in blood sample.

2. Bioreceptor: A molecule that specifically recognizes the analyte is known as a bioreceptor. Enzymes,
cells, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and antibodies are some examples of bioreceptors.
3. Transducer: The transducer is an element that converts one form of energy into another. In a biosensor the role of the
transducer is to convert the bio-recognition event into a measurable signal. This process of energy conversion is known
as signalisation. Most transducers produce either optical or electrical signals that are usually proportional to the amount
of analyte–bioreceptor interactions.

4. Electronics: This is the part of a biosensor that processes the transduced signal and prepares it for display. It consists
of complex electronic circuitry that performs signal conditioning such as amplification and conversion of signals from
analogue into the digital form. The processed signals are then quantified by the display unit of the biosensor.

5. Display: The display consists of a user interpretation system such as the liquid crystal display of a computer or a direct
printer that generates numbers or curves understandable by the user. This part often consists of a combination of
hardware and software that generates results of the biosensor in a user-friendly manner. The output signal on the display
can be numeric, graphic, tabular or an image, depending on the requirements of the end user.
Working principle of Biosensor -

❑ The analyte attaches to the biological substance, forming a bound analyte, which generates the measurable
electrical response.
❑Biosensors works on the principle of signal transduction and biorecognition of element.
❑ Biological materials including-enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or whole cell can be used as
sensor or detector in a biosensor.
❑The tested analyte links to the specific enzyme (bio-receptor) and inducing a change in biochemical property of
enzyme. The change in in turn gives an electronic response through an electro enzymatic approach.
❑Electroenzymatic process is the chemical process of converting the enzymes into corresponding electrical signals
with the aid of transducer.
❑ Now, the outcome from transducer i.e. electrical signal is a direct representation of the biological material being
measured.
❑The electrical signal is usually converted into physical display for its proper analysis and representation.
 Applications of Biosensor -
There are various fields implanting the Biosensor -

• Food Industries – Food quality measurement & maintain the food safety to Drug Discovery
detect the pathogen present in foods
• Industrial Process – in fermentation process, to monitor the presence of Food Quality Disease
Control Detection
products, Biomass, enzyme for quality
• Medical fields – Being used to diagnose infectious diseases
Biosensor
• Fluorescent Biosensor – Used in drug discovery for the identification of drugs
by high screening approaches for analysis of drugs.
Industrial
Environmental
• Biodefence - it can be also used for military purposes at the time of biological process
Monitoring
Control
attacks.
• In metabolic engineering - it plays an important role to development of Soil Quality
Monitoring
microbial cell factories for synthesis of renewable fuels sources by exporting
microorganism.
• In Plant Biology – Biosensors can be utilized to identify missing components Fig- Application of biosensor

pertinent to metabolism, regulation or transport of the analyte.

Recent Researches -
Yihan Zhang, Yubing Hu, Nan Jiang, Ali K. Yetisen,
Wearable artificial intelligence biosensor networks,
Biosensors and Bioelectronics,
Volume 219,
1 January 2023,
114825,
ISSN 0956-5663,
https://doi.orgj.bios.2022.114825.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095656632200865X)

Abstract: The demand for high-quality healthcare and well-being services is remarkably increasing due to the ageing global
population and modern lifestyles. Recently, the integration of wearables and artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted extensive
academic and technological attention for its powerful high-dimensional data processing of wearable biosensing networks. This work
reviews the recent developments in AI-assisted wearable biosensing devices in disease diagnostics and fatigue monitoring
demonstrating the trend towards personalized medicine with highly efficient, cost-effective, and accurate point-of-care diagnosis by
finding hidden patterns in biosensing data and detecting abnormalities. The reliability of adaptive learning and synthetic data and
data privacy still need further investigation to realize personalized medicine in the next decade. Due to the worldwide popularity of
smartphones, they have been utilized for sensor readout, wireless data transfer, data processing and storage, result display, and
cloud server communication leading to the development of smartphone-based biosensing systems. The recent advances have
demonstrated a promising future for the healthcare system because of the increasing data processing power, transfer efficiency and
storage capacity and diversifying functionalities.
 Recent Researches -
Lu Zhang, Yacine Mazouzi, Michèle Salmain, Bo Liedberg, Souhir Boujday,
Antibody-Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Biosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Selected Applications,
Biosensors and Bioelectronics,
Volume 165,
2020,
112370,
ISSN 0956-5663,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112370.

Abstract: Antibody-Gold nanoparticle (Ab-AuNP) bioconjugates are widely used in the field of biosensing. This prompted
researchers to set up various strategies to conjugate antibodies to gold nanoparticles. Optimal conjugation is of critical importance,
as the Ab-AuNP bioconjugates should be stable while maintaining the ability of the antibody to recognize and bind its corresponding
antigen. All the same, a high coverage of antibodies on AuNPs is a key-step to build up a sensitive biosensor, but an ideal coverage
requires to be perfectly balanced with the orientation and accessibility of the conjugated antibodies. In this review, we intend to
provide the reader with the key elements allowing for mastering the conjugation of Ab to AuNP and rationalizing, at the molecular
level, the mechanisms involved together with the expected antibody coverages and orientations. We will focus on IgG-type
antibodies conjugated to spherical AuNPs as these bioconjugates are the most commonly used ones for biosensors. First, we
report an exhaustive survey of the methods of conjugation, via strategies of physisorption and chemisorption. Then we provide a
critical restitution of the relevant strategies allowing the quantification of antibodies coverage on gold nanoparticles either through
direct analysis of the bioconjugates or indirect analysis of the supernatant. In the last part, we review and discuss selected
applications of these Ab-AuNP bioconjugates in optical biosensing.
References -

Mehrotra P. Biosensors and their applications - A review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016 May-Aug;6(2):153-9. doi:
10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.12.002. Epub 2016 Jan 6. PMID: 27195214; PMCID: PMC4862100.

Haoran Liu, Jun Ge, Eugene Ma, Lei Yang,10 - Advanced biomaterials for biosensor and theranostics,Editor(s): Lei Yang, Sarit
B. Bhaduri, Thomas J. Webster,In Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials,Biomaterials in Translational
Medicine,Academic Press,2019,Pages 213-255,ISBN 9780128134771,

Bhalla N, Jolly P, Formisano N, Estrela P. Introduction to biosensors. Essays Biochem. 2016 Jun 30;60(1):1-8. doi:
10.1042/EBC20150001. PMID: 27365030; PMCID: PMC4986445.