1.
2 Genetic Recombination and Gene Linkage
U3M10L2
Objectives
1.2.1 Define genetic recombination
1.2.2 Calculate the number of possible chromosome combinations due to independent
assortment, using the formula 2n
1.2.3 Recall how meiosis and fertilization contribute to genetic variation (Include: random
assortment of chromosomes, segregation and crossing over)
1.2.4 Explain, using visuals, that adjacent genes located on the same chromosome tend to move
together as one unit
1.2.5 Identify the relationship between crossing over and distance between genes' locations
1.2.6 Illustrate by using examples how gene linkage can be used to create chromosome maps
1.2.7 Describe polyploidy and how it is used in the field of agriculture
1.2.1 Define genetic recombination
The combination of genes produced by
crossing over and independent assortment is
called genetic recombination.
1.2.2 Calculate the number of possible chromosome combinations due to independent
assortment, using the formula 2n
• The possible combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be
calculated using the formula 2n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs.
• Independent assortment is due to the random orientation of pairs of homologous
chromosomes in meiosis I ( metaphase I)
In this cell there is 3 pairs of
chromosomes, during independent
assortmenet, the number of ways to
be arranged is 23 = 8
During fertilization
• Any possible male gamete can fertilize any possible female gamete, the number of
possib le combinations after fertilization will be 2 n X2 n
• Need more information watch this
• https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-independent-assortment-crossing
-over-random-474006
Practice
a. Calculate number of possible combination from
indepdentment assortment according to number of
paired chromosomes as shown in adjacent figure?
b. What will the possib number of combinantion after
fertilization
Practice AK
a.
24=16
b. 24
X24
1.2.3 Recall how meiosis and fertilization contribute to genetic variation (Include: random
assortment of chromosomes, segregation and crossing over) / Not for assessments
• During meiosis 3 main events leads to genetic Variation:
• 1. Crossing over: when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic
material between themselves during prophase I
• 2. Dependnet assortment: pairs of chromosomes are independently
lined up in the equator of the cell –uring Metaphase II
• 3. Seggregation : gametes cells will inherit only one allele from each
gene randomly
• During Fertilization:
• a random male gamete will fertilize a random female gamete . The
propability of the zygot will be out of 2 n X 2 n
1.2.4 Explain, using visuals, that adjacent genes located on the same
chromosome tend to move together as one unit
• Chromosomes contain multiple genes that code for proteins. Genes that are located close to each
other on the same chromosome are said to be linked and usually travel together during
gamete formation.
1.2.5 Identify the relationship between crossing over and distance between genes'
locations
• The frequency of crossing over is a function of how close the genes are to each
other on the chromosome.
• If two genes are far apart, for example at opposite ends of the chromosome,
crossover frequency will be higher .
• Genes that are closer together, the crossing over frequency will be less
1.2.6 Illustrate by using examples how gene linkage can be used to create
chromosome maps
• Chromosome/gene mapping is an approximation or estimation of the distance
between genes on the chromosome by using crossing over frequencies.
• Always remember that:
• As crossing over frequency increases, the genes are far apart from each others
• As crossing over frequency decreases, the genes are near each others
Let us practice
• In Drosophila, bar shaped eyes (B), scalloped wings (S), Cross
veinless wings (W), and Eye Color (C) are located on the X
chromosome. The recombination frequency of each gene is
indicated on the table. Construct a chromosome map.
AK
• 1. Draw a straight line.
• 2. determine gene with farthest apart: C-S , put them at the side of the st.
line
• All other genes are in between them
• Try to figure correctly the exact location of other genes
1.2.7 Describe polyploidy and how it is used in the field of agriculture/
not for assessment
Most species have diploid cells, but some have polyploid cells.
Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromo s omes in an organism. A triploid organism, for
instance, would be design ated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes.
Polyploidy rarely occurs in animals. In humans, polyploidy is always lethal.
Roughly one in three species of known fl owering plants are poly p loid.
Polyploid plants are selected by plant growers for their desirable characteristics.
Commercially grown bread wheat (6n), oats (6n), and sugar cane (8n) are polyploid crop plants.
Polyploid plants, are often bigger in size of fl ower and fruits .
