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Lecture - 10 (Control-Structure)

This presentation explains while and do-while loop in C++

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arshadfarhad08
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19 views33 pages

Lecture - 10 (Control-Structure)

This presentation explains while and do-while loop in C++

Uploaded by

arshadfarhad08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10/12/2024

LECTURE-10: LOOPS

Computer Programming

1
TODAY WE WILL COVER
 The while loop
 The while Loop for Input Validation

 Counters

 The do-while loop


CONDITIONAL OPERATOR (? :)
 Syntax
 (Boolean expression) ? Statement1 :

Statement2;
THE WHILE LOOP
THE WHILE LOOP
Loop: a control structure that causes a
statement or statements to repeat
 General format of the while loop:

while (expression)
statement;
 statement; can also be a block of
statements enclosed in { }
THE WHILE LOOP – HOW IT WORKS
while (expression)
statement;
 expression is evaluated
 if true, then statement is executed, and
expression is evaluated again
 if false, then the loop is finished and program
statements following statement execute
THE LOGIC OF A WHILE LOOP
THE WHILE LOOP-EXAMPLE
HOW THE WHILE LOOP IN PREVIOUS
SLIDE LINES 9 THROUGH 13 WORKS
FLOWCHART OF THE WHILE LOOP
THE WHILE LOOP IS A PRETEST LOOP

expression is evaluated before the


loop executes. The following loop will
never execute:

int n = 6;
while (n <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello! ICP\n";
number++;
}
WATCH OUT FOR INFINITE LOOPS
 The loop must contain code to make
expression become false
 Otherwise, the loop will have no way of

stopping
 Such a loop is called an infinite loop, because

it will repeat an infinite number of times


EXAMPLE OF AN INFINITE LOOP

int n = 1;
while (n <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello ICP\n";
}
USING THE WHILE LOOP FOR INPUT
VALIDATION
USING THE WHILE LOOP FOR
INPUT VALIDATION
 Input validation is the process of inspecting
data that is given to the program as input
and determining whether it is valid.

 The while loop can be used to create input


routines that reject invalid data, and repeat
until valid data is entered.
USING THE WHILE LOOP FOR
INPUT VALIDATION
 Here's the general approach, in pseudocode:

Read an item of input.


While the input is invalid
Display an error message.
Read the input again.
End While
INPUT VALIDATION EXAMPLE

cout << "Enter a number less than 10: ";


cin >> number;
while (number >= 10)
{
cout << "Invalid Entry!"
<< "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
}
FLOWCHART FOR INPUT VALIDATION
INPUT VALIDATION IN PROGRAM 5-5
COUNTERS
COUNTERS
 Counter: a variable that is incremented or
decremented each time a loop repeats
 Can be used to control execution of the loop

(also known as the loop control variable)


 Must be initialized before entering loop
A COUNTER VARIABLE CONTROLS

Continued…
A COUNTER VARIABLE CONTROLS
THE DO-WHILE
LOOP
THE DO-WHILE LOOP
 do-while: a posttest loop – execute the loop, then
test the expression
 General Format:
do
statement; // or block in { }
while (expression);

 Note that a semicolon is required after


(expression)
THE LOGIC OF A DO-WHILE LOOP
AN EXAMPLE DO-WHILE LOOP

int x = 1;
do
{
cout << x << endl;
} while(x < 0);

Although the test expression is false, this loop will


execute one time because do-while is a
posttest loop.
A DO-WHILE LOOP

Continued…
A DO-WHILE LOOP

31
DO-WHILE LOOP NOTES
 Loop always executes at least once
 Execution continues as long as expression is

true, stops repetition when expression


becomes false
10/12/2024
Questions

33

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