UNIT 4

CLARIFYING THE CONTENTS OF

CONTRACTS
(LÀM RÕ NỘI DUNG HĐ)
 TOPICAL HIGHLIGHTS
A. Validity Clauses of Contracts
Điều Khoản về Tính Hiệu Lực của HĐ
B. Definition & Whereas
Định Nghĩa & Nêu Lý Do
C. Assignment & Guaranty
Chuyển Nhượng & Bảo Đảm
 D. Rescission and Termination
Hủy Bỏ & Chấm Dứt
E. Default and Escape
Vi Phạm & Miễn Trách Nhiệm
F. Arbitration and Jurisdiction
Trọng Tài (Hòa Giải) & Kiện Tụng
 A. VALIDITY CLAUSES OF CONTRACTS
No validity clauses → No contracts
• Revelation of the intentions of two parties entering into a
contract
• Unique language to the conditions determined the need for
the agreement or standard clauses commonly used in
contract law
Basic terms preface & concluding clauses
 A. Preface Clause
a. Specifying the name of the contract:
• Purchase Contract
• Sales Contract
• Contract for Co-production
• Contract for Introduction of Complete Plant and Technology
• Contract for Sino Foreign Joint Venture
b. Parties’ name & Registered Addresses
c. Terms of Agreement
 Ex.1: The Parties hereby agree that to all legal effects, this
amendment is made a part hereof and that all those matters not
expressly amended by this instrument, the original terms of the
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.
Ex.2: The Contract comes into force when signed by both
parties and it shall remain valid until 31 December, 2018.
Ex3: It is the intention of the Parties to negotiate in good
faith. Good faith negotiations involve meeting at
reasonable times and places in an effort to reach
agreement on the terms of employment, and to cooperate
in mediation and fact finding as required by RSA 273-A
as amended.
 Concluding Provisions. Any amendments to this
Agreement shall be in written form signed by all Project
Participants. Amendments and supplements to the
present Agreement and any waiver of the requirement of
the written form must be in written form and have to be
indicated as such.
 B. DEFINITIONS AND WHEREAS CLAUSES
a. Definition Clauses:
 Mitigating the chance of misunderstanding
interpretations among/between the parties
 Writing in plain language not to be unambiguous
 Starting with:
 For the purpose of this Agreement, the following terms
have the following meanings, respectively.
 In the Agreement, the following terms have the
following respective meanings.
 Examples of Definition Clauses
“Account” means each of the accounts which the Customer
may register by the Application in relation to the Services.
“System” means the Bank’s computer system for the exclusive
use of the Services
All capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the
meaning assigned to them in the Master Agreement.
 b. Whereas Clauses
Technical contracts
• An introductory statement: "considering that" or "that being
the case”
• Explanation for the reasons /purpose/intention/confirmation
for the execution of the contract
• Transition part right after the preamble to enter the main
body of the contract
Ex: Whereas the Licensor possesses know-how for the
designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of
____;
Now, therefore in consideration of the premises and
mutual conveniences, the Licensee and the Licensor,
through consultation, agree to enter into this Contract
under the terms and conditions set forth as follows:
Ex: WHEREAS the Project has been duly approved by
the Director pursuant to Revised Code Section 164.25;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises
and covenants herein contained, the undersigned agree
as follows:
 3. ASSIGNMENT AND GUARANTY
a. Assignment Clauses
A party’s transfer of its rights and obligations under a contract to
another or a third party (assignee)
Ex: This Agreement and all rights and obligations hereunder may not
be assigned without the written consent of the other Party.
Ex: When one Party intends to assign all or part of its investment
subscribed, the other Party shall have the Pre-emptive right;
 b. Guaranty Clauses
Ex: Robert bảo đảm rằng Sản Phẩm được sản xuất theo đúng
Quy Cách Phẩm Chất. Trừ những điều nói ở câu trên, Robert
không bảo đảm về khả năng bán được của Sản Phẩm hoặc
tính phù hợp cho một mục đích nào đó, và cũng không, rõ ràng
hay ngụ ý, đưa ra bất kì bảo đảm nào khác.
 Ex: Robert ensures/warrants that the Product is manufactured
according to the standard Specifications. Except as stated in the
foregoing / Except as expressly set forth in the preceding sentence,
Robert makes no warranties of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose, nor, expressed or implied, gives any other
warranties / nor makes other warranties, expressed or implied.
Ex: Trong mọi trường hợp, Robert không chịu bất
cứ trách nhiệm pháp lý nào đối với các tổn thất xảy
ra gián tiếp, ngẫu nhiên, do hậu quả hoặc bị phạt
dù theo hợp đồng Robert có phạm lỗi hay không.
 In no event
Be liable (legally responsible)
Indirect
Accidental/incidental
Punitive
Contractually
Be to blame
Ex: In no event shall Robert be liable for any indirect,
accidental, consequential or punitive damages whether
contractually Robert is to be blamed / whether in
contract or tort, or otherwise.
Note: tort (n): something wrong that somebody does to
somebody else that is not criminal, but that can lead to
actions in a civil court
Punitive damages: an amount of money that someone
who commits a crime has to pay, that is intended to
be large enough to prevent them
or others from committing similar crimes in the future:
 4. RECISSION AND TERMINATION
a. Recission = Cancelling or Ending a Contract
Nếu bất cứ một trong các sự kiện sau đây xảy đến với Bên nào thì Bên
kia có thể chấm dứt HĐ này ngay:
a. Không thực hiện bất kỳ điều khoản nào trong hợp đồng này, và tình
trạng không được khắc phục trong vòng ba mươi (30) ngày sau ngày
có thông báo yêu cầu bên vi phạm thực hiện.
If any one of the following events shall occur to either Party, the other

Party may forthwith terminate / shall have the right to terminate this

Agreement:

a. failure to perform any provision of this Agreement, and such failure

not being cured within thirty (30) days after the date of notice

thereof requiring the defaulting Party to remedy such failure;

 a. Failure to perform any of the provisions of this Contract, and the
situation not to be remedied within thirty (30) days / and no remedies as
such to occur within thirty (30) days after the date of notice which
requires the breaching Party to fulfil its obligations.
b. vỡ nợ, phá sản, đóng cửa hoặc giải thể, hoặc chuyển
nhượng toàn bộ vì lợi ích của các chủ nợ; hoặc
c. một bên có lệnh bị tịch thu tài sản hoặc bất động sản.
Insolvency = Bankruptcy
Liquidation or dissolution
Creditors
Order (lệnh) for the attachment of a party’s assets or properties
b. insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or dissolution, or general / full
assignment for the benefit of creditors; or
c. issuance of an order for / applying of an order for the attachment of
a party’s assets or properties.
 DEFAULT AND ESCAPE CLAUSES
a. Default Clauses
“Sau khi một bên vi phạm HĐ, bên còn lại tiến hành các biện pháp
thích hợp để ngăn chặn thiệt hại trở nên lớn hơn. Nếu bên thứ hai
không tiến hành các biện pháp thích hợp để ngăn chặn thiệt hại tăng
thêm thì họ sẽ không có quyền yêu cầu bồi thường cho những thiệt hại
tăng thêm đó”
 To breach / violate a contract
To take measures
Measure to do sth / measure against sth
Be entitled to Ving / have the right to claim
Prevent … from …
Compensation
Increasing damage
After one Party breaches / violates a contract, the other Party shall take

appropriate measures to prevent further damages / against greater

damage. If the second Party’s failure to take appropriate measures

against larger damages / If the other Party waives to do thereof, it shall

not be entitled to claiming compensation for such damages/ demanding

upon the violating / breaching Party for such damage.

 “Nếu bên A hoặc Bên B không thanh toán các khoản góp vốn đúng
hạn theo các điều khoản được định rõ trong Chương ___ của HĐ này,
bắt đầu từ tháng đầu tiên sau ngày quá hạn, bên vi phạm sẽ thanh
toán cho bên còn lại ___% số vốn góp. Nếu sau ba (3) tháng bên vi
phạm vẫn không thể thanh toán, bên đó sẽ thanh toán ___% số vốn
góp cho bên còn lại. Bên còn lại có quyền chấm dứt HĐ theo các quy
định trong HĐ sau khi được cơ quan hữu quan ban đầu phê chuẩn,
đồng thời có quyền yêu cầu bên vi phạm bồi thường thiệt hại.”
 Either Party/ Party A or Party B
Capital contribution, …contributed capital
The overdue date
Specified in Chapter ___/in accordance with / pursuant to
Terminate/rescind/cancel
Relevant authorities
The right to request …/ the right to claim …/ demand for compensation on
A compensation / indemnification
 “If either Party/ Party A or Party B is unable to pay the capital contributions on
time according to the terms specified in Chapter ___ of this Contract, starting
from the first month after the overdue date, the breaching Party shall pay the
remaining/the other Party ___% of the contributed capital. If after three (3)
months the violating Party is still unable to pay, that Party shall pay ___% of the
contributed capital to the other Party. The other Party has the right to terminate /
rescind the Contract according to the provisions of the Contract after it is
approved by the relevant authorities initially, and at the same time has the right to
request the violating Party to compensate for damage / the right to claim an
amount of indemnification.
Should either Party fail to pay on schedule the contribution in accordance
with / pursuant to the provisions defined/stated in Chapter ___ hereof, the
breaching Party shall pay to the other Party ___% of the contribution
starting from the first month after exceeding the time limit. Should the
breaching Party fail to pay after three (3) months, ___% of the contribution
it shall be paid to the other Party, who shall have the right to terminate the
Contract pursuant to the provisions stated thereunder after being approved
by the related authority originally as well as to claim liability for any
damage from the breaching Party / request the breaching Party to bear
liability.
 “Khi hàng hóa đến nơi đến, nếu bị phát hiện là khác với hàng mẫu

được quy định trong HĐ, Bên mua sẽ yêu cầu Bên bán chịu trách

nhiệm thay thế hoặc trả lại hàng. Sau khi tiến hành các biện pháp cứu

vãn nêu trên, nếu Bên mua còn chịu những tổn thất khác, Bên bán

phải bồi thường những tổn thất đó.”

 found (to be) different
Arrive at / on arrival at
Sample specified/described/defined in ___
Bear the liability / responsibility to do sth / for sth
Substitute or return
Remedial /salvage measure
Compensate for sth / make up for sth
 Should the goods be found, on their arrival at destination, (to be)

different from the sample specified in the Contract, the Buyer shall

request the Seller to bear the liabilities for substituting or returning the

goods. The Seller shall, after taking the remedial measures

hereinabove, compensate for the losses, if the Buyer suffers from other

losses.
 “When the goods arrive at the destination, if found different from the sample
goods described in the Contract, the Buyer shall ask the Seller to bear
responsibility for replacing or returning the goods. After taking the above-
mentioned salvage measures, if the Buyer still suffers from other losses, the Seller
must make up for those / such losses.”
 GIẢI QUYẾT TRANH CHẤP
Bất cứ tranh chấp, tranh cãi và/hoặc bất hòa nào có thể nảy sinh giữa các
bên nằm ngoài hoặc có liên quan đến HĐ này, hoặc bất cứ vi phạm nào nếu
không giải quyết được bằng các cuộc đàm phán có thiện ý, sẽ được trọng tài
phân xử ở New York, Mỹ giải quyết thể theo Luật phân xử quốc tế của Hiệp
hội trọng tài phân xử của Mỹ. Phán quyết đó sẽ là quyết định cuối cùng và
ràng buộc các bên có liên quan tới HĐ này.
 Any dispute, controversy and/or difference/ or discord
Out of or in relation to / outside or in connection with / out or related to (involved
in)
Settled by good faith negotiation/settled in amicable way
Settled by / brought to arbitration in ___/arbitrated to / refer the matter (dispute)
to ___
in accordance with / pursuant to
The award/judgement
Final and binding to …
 Settlement of Dispute

Any dispute, controversy and/or difference which may arise between

the parties out of or in relation to this Agreement, or any breach hereof
unless settled by good faith negotiations shall be settled by arbitration
in New York, USA in accordance with the International Arbitration
Rules of the American Arbitration Association. The award thereof shall
be final and binding upon the parties hereto.
Any dispute, controversy and/or discord which may arise between Parties
outside or in connection with this Agreement, or any breach if not resolved
by good faith negotiations, shall be arbitrated by arbitration in New York,
USA according to the International Arbitration Law of the American
Arbitration Association. Such judgment shall be final and binding on the
Parties to this Agreement.
 HOMEWORK

- Đọc và làm bài tập

[2]: 4-23

- Xem trước nội dung bài sau:

[1]: 92-112