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Biodiversity and Evolution

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17 views15 pages

Biodiversity and Evolution

Uploaded by

cagatmaleizerjoy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biodiversity

and Evolution

PRINCESS ANN B. ESPIRITU


Why we experience
imbalance in
biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the term used to describe the
number and variety of life found on Earth.
Three types: genetic, species, and ecosystem.
A. Genetic diversity pertains to the variation of genes
within species.
B. Species diversity pertains to the variety and
abundance of species within a region.
C. Ecosystem diversity is the variation among groups
of organisms in different physical settings.
• All parts of the ecosystem are interacting with
one another.
• If one of its components experienced changes
and it doesn’t adapt to its new environment or
situation it may probably die and lessen in
numbers.
• The population pertains to the number of
organisms of the same species living in the
same region while communities are composed
of different organisms living in the same region
Biodiversity Index is a scale of the diversity of
plant and animal species in a given area. It is a
widely used tool for estimating the complexity,
stability, and thus general health of an ecosystem. It
is expressed with the equation of:
Total # of different Species
Biodiversity Index =
Total # of Living Items
• Populations of an organism can change and varies
over time. This is due to the different limiting
factors occurring in the situation.
• Limiting factors are usually described as lack of
particular resources like the availability of food,
water, and space. Some of the other reasons are
predation, diseases, and migration. Light,
temperature, and soil nutrients are also limiting
factors because they help to identify what kind of
organism lived in a certain area.
• Carrying capacity- It is the size of a biological species that can be
sustained in a specific environment, given all the available resources.
If the carrying capacity reaches its maximum point, the organism in
that area will die because not all of their needs can be met.
• When the number of species decreases in size, and only a few
remain, that species is considered as endangered and possibly
becomes extinct in the future.
Examples of endangered animals in the Philippines :
1. Tarsier in Bohol
2. Philippine eagle
3. Philippines freshwater crocodiles
4. Tamaraw in Mindoro, and Philippine naked-backed fruit bat in
Cebu.
• Threatened- If animals of a particular species are
vulnerable at risk in terms the number of population of
its kind.

• Extinction happens if the last member of that species


is gone like dinosaurs.
What are the different causes of species extinction?
It can be a natural cause or man-made.
Natural Causes of Species Extinction
1. Climate change- the sudden changes in the earth’s
temperature.
2. Land Development- conversion of land into residential
area or building.
3. Acid precipitation- is a result of air pollution.
4. Diseases/Epidemic- infectious diseases or virulent
infectious diseases cause the change in biological
populations.
5. Meteoric impact/Cosmic radiation- extinction
happens when a massive asteroid or meteor hits the
surface of the earth.
6. The spread of Invasive species- it can change the
abundance of diversity or the food web in an ecosystem
by destroying and replacing its natural value and
number.
Man-Made Causes of Species Extinction
1. Deforestation- illegal logging, kaingin farming
2. Pollution- either air or water pollution.
3. Destruction of Coastal Resources- this is caused
by using dynamite in fishing, muro-ami, and the
conversion of beach into residences, and
overharvesting of fishes.
• These environmental conditions and issues can affect both
local and global perspectives and can create a big impact
in sustaining the ecological balance of the earth. But on the
other side, if an organism continues to live for more than a
year and continues to adapt to its changing environment, it
will still exist and somehow undergo evolution.
• Evolution describes the gradual change of organisms from
one state to another. It deals with the first appearance of
organisms and studies how they survive and change
through the course of time.
• Geologists constructed a timetable of the earth’s
history which is called geologic timescale.
Geologic timescale is a timetable of the earth’s
history. In this scale, the earth’s history is divided into
major divisions called eras.

A. Paleozoic era (prehistoric life) – the existence of


marine invertebrates; the development of marine life.
B. Mesozoic era (middle life) – the existence of
largest creatures.
C. Cenozoic era (recent life) – the existence of warm-
blooded animals and humans.

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