Types of Angles

Types of Angles
We know that angles are measured by a unit called degree. The name of
the angle is based on the number of degrees. A right angle can also be defined
as an angle whose sides are perpendicular. An acute angle is an angle whose
measure is less than 90 degrees. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is
greater than 90 degrees.

acute angle right angle Obtuse angle

angle (< 90) (= 90) (> 90)
 Angles having the same vertex as
shown in figure 1.6 are called angles at a point. b
Angles a, b, c, and d are angles at point P. The a
P c
sum of the measures of the angles at point is Fig. 1.6
equal to 360°. Thus, d

m∠a + m∠b + m∠c + m∠d =

360° ∠a, ∠b, ∠c, and ∠d are angles at a point

A F
 When two angles at a point have a
common side as shown in figure 1.7, they are C m D
called adjacent angles. Angle m and n are q n
adjacent angles. Angles n and q are adjacent
E B
angles. Angles m and q are non-adjacent angles.
Fig. 1.7
∠m and ∠n are adjacent angles.
 When the sum of the measures of
two adjacent angles is equal to 180° as shown in D
Fig. 1.8
figure 1.8, the angles are called supplementary A
angles. x y

m∠x + m∠y = 180° C B E F

 Angles ABC and DEF are non-adjacent ∠x and ∠y are supplementary angles.
angles but the sum of their measures is 180°.
Angles ABC and DEF are supplementary angles.

 When the sum of the measures of

the two angles is equal to 90° as shown in figure Fig. 1.9
P
U
1.9, they are complementary angles.
f
S
m∠f + m∠g = 90° g
Q
The sum of the measures of the non-adjacent R T
angles PQU and STR is 90. Angles PQU and STR are ∠f and ∠g are complementary angles.
complementary angles.
 When two straight lines intersect as shown in Fig.
figure 1.10, they form four angles at a point. The pairs 1.10
of angles which are not adjacent to each other are c
called vertical angles. Angles a and b are vertical a b
angles. Similarly, angles c and d are vertical angles. d
The measures of vertical angles are equal. Two angles
with equal measures are called congruent angles.
∠a and ∠b are vertical
∠a ∠b (Read as “∠a is congruent to ∠b”) angles
∠c and ∠d are vertical
∠c ∠d (Read as “∠c is congruent to ∠d”) angles

Fig.
 1.11
When ray US (US) divides ∠CUT S
into congruent angles as shown and marked in U
figure 1.11, then US is the angle bisector of
∠CUT.
T
 FIGURE DESCRIPTION/SYMBOL DEFINITION
A
Adjacent angles are two angles
D B
∠ADB and ∠BDC are adjacent that have a common side
angles. between them but have no
interior points in common.
C
R K

Vertical angles are non-adjacent

∠RPS and ∠IPK are vertical
P angles formed by two
angles.
I intersecting lines.
S
and intersect at P.

A
C Complementary angles are two
D ∠ABC is complementary to
40 angles whose sum of their
F ∠DEF. ∠DEF is complementary
50 measures is 90°.
BE to ∠ABC.
The sum of the measures of
∠ABC and ∠DEF is 90°.
 FIGURE DESCRIPTION/SYMBOL DEFINITION

C
D ∠ABC is supplementary to
Supplementary angles are
60 120 ∠DEF. ∠DEF is supplementary
angles whose sum of their
F EB A to ∠ABC
measures is 180°.
The sum of the measures of
∠ABC and ∠DEF is 180°.

A linear pair of angles is a pair

C ∠APC and ∠CPB form a linear of angles with a common side
pair of angles. such that the union of the two
other sides is a line.
A P B

D
A

Congruent angles are angles

∠ABC is congruent to to ∠DEF.
B having the same measure.
C E F We write: ∠ABC ∠DEF
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
1. Is each of the given pairs of angles adjacent? If not, why?

Answers:
∠ACE and ∠ECD Adjacent
∠ABF and ∠COG not adjacent (no
common side)
∠GBC and ∠CDE not adjacent
E (no
R Q
common side)
2. Name a second angle in each pair of the vertical angles.
M
Answers: I

∠MDE ∠IDG
P O
∠ODG ∠EDR G
∠EDI ∠MDG
3. Find the measure of the complement of each angle, if possible. Find the measure
of the supplement.

Answers:

Measure of Measure of
Measure of Angle
Complement Supplement

75° 15° 105°

45° 45° 135°
92° None 88°
n 90 – n 180
Definitions and
Postulates on
Angles
 A
We defined an angle as the union of two
rays that do not lie on the same line such that the D
two rays have a common endpoint. This common
endpoint is called the vertex of the angle while the
30
two rays are the sides of the angle. Let us look at ° 30 C
∠ABD and ∠DBC shown in figure 2.1. B
°
Fig. 2.1

Looking at the figure, we say that point D is

in the interior of ∠ABC. An angle separates the A
plane containing it into two sets wherein one is
convex while the other is a non-convex set. The D
part which is convex is called the interior of the
angle, while the non-convex set part is the
exterior of the angle. The sides of the angles. Are C
neither in the interior nor in the exterior of the B Fig. 2.2
angle. Hence the shaded region of ∠ABC as shown
in figure 2.2 is the
Referring interior
back of the2.1,
to Figure angle.
we can see that the measure of ∠ABD is 30°and
the measure of ∠DBC is also 30°.
m∠ABD = 30°
m∠DBC = 30°
 Since the two angles have the same measure, they are called congruent
angles. Congruent angles are therefore defined as angles having the same
measure

Also, we notice from the same figure that ∠ABD and ∠DBC have a
common side which is and point D is in the interior of ∠ABC. These angles are
called adjacent angles.

in Figure 2.1 divides ∠ABC into two angles having equal measures. In this
case, is an angle bisector of ∠ABC. An angle bisector is a ray that divides an
angle into two congruent angles.

Again, referring to Figure 2.1 we can compute for the m∠ABC to be 60 by

adding m∠ABD and m∠DBC. This statement is supported by postulate entitled
the angle addition postulate.
Postulate 11: The Angle Addition Postulate
If point T is in the interior of ∠PQR, then m∠PQR = m∠PQT + m∠TQR.

R
Q
Fig. 2.3

Let us now focus our attention on Figure

2.4. Note that ∠BAD and ∠DAC are adjacent angles
D
whose sum of the measures is 180. In the given
C adjacent angles, and are opposite rays and is a
70° 110°
ray in one of the half-planes. These adjacent angles
B A whose sides are opposite rays and whose common
Fig. 2.4
side is any other ray form a linear pair. These
statements can be summarized in the Supplement
Postulate.
Postulate 12: The Supplement Postulate
If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Definitions
Interior of an Angle – the set of all points on the plane separated by
the angle which is convex.
Exterior of an Angle – the set of all points on the plane separated by
the angle which is non-convex.
Linear pair – two adjacent angles whose two sides other than their
common side are opposite rays.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
1. Determine the measure of each of the unknown angles shown in the following
figures.
D Given: m∠DBC = 30
a) Find: m∠ABD
A
B C

Solution: m∠ABD + m∠DBC = 180

m∠ABD + 30 = 180
m∠ABD = 180
– 30
m∠ABD = 150
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

b)
Given: m∠ADB = 60
C
B m∠ADC = 95
Find: m∠BDC

A D

Solution: m∠ADB + m∠BDC = m∠ADC

60 + m∠BDC
= 95
m∠BDC = 95
– 60
m∠BDC = 35
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Given: m∠BCA = 50
A
c) Find: m∠DCE

B C D

Solution: m∠BCA + m∠ACD = 180

50 +
m∠ACD = 180
m∠ACD =
180 – 50
m∠ACD =
130

m∠ACD + m∠DCE = 180

130
+ m∠DCE = 180
m∠DCE =
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Given: m∠BEC is a right ∠
d) B ∠AEB ∠CED
Find: m∠AEB
A

E
C
D
Solution: Since ∠BEC is a right angle, then its measure is equal to 90 and since ∠AEB is
congruent to ∠CED, then their measures are equal. From the figure, we can see that
∠AEB and ∠BED form a linear pair and m∠BED = m∠BEC + m∠CED. Therefore, we can
establish the equation.
∠AEB + ∠BED = 180{ The Supplement Postulate and definition of Supplementary Angles
Substitution

m∠AEB + m∠BEC + m∠CED = 180

m∠AEB + 90 + m∠CED = 180
m∠AEB + 90 + m∠AEB = 180
m∠AEB + m∠AEB = 180 – 90
2 m∠AEB = 90
m∠AEB =45
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
B C Given: m∠AFE = 135
e) m∠BFC = 85
F D Find: m∠AFB
m∠CFD
A
m∠DFE
E

Solution:
Since m∠AFB and m∠AFE form a linear pair, then

m∠AFB + m∠AFE = 180

m∠AFB + 135 = 180
m∠AFB = 180 – 135
m∠AFB = 45

m∠AFC = m∠AFB + m∠BFC

= 45 + 85
= 130
Since ∠AFC and ∠CFD form a linear pair, then

m∠AFC+ m∠CFD = 180

130 + m∠CFD = 180
m∠CFD = 180 – 130

∴ m∠CFD = 50

There are several ways wherein we can get m∠DFE.

1) Since ∠BFD and ∠DFE form a linear pair, then

m∠BFD + m∠DFE = 180

m∠BFC + m∠CFD + m∠DFE = 180
85 + 50 + m∠DFE = 180
m∠DFE = 180 – 135

∴m∠DFE = 45
2) ∠ABD and ∠CBD are supplementary angles. If the measure of ∠ABD is 20
degrees more than three times the measure of ∠CBD , fin the measure of
∠ABD and ∠CBD.

Solution:
Let x = the measure of ∠CBD
3x + 20 = the measure of ∠ABD
Equation:

x + 3x + 20 = 180 Definition of Supplementary

Angles
4x = 180 – 20
4x = 160
x = 40 measure of ∠CBD

m ∠ABD = 3x + 20
= 3 (40) + 20
= 120 + 20 measure of ∠ABD
 Let us now look at line AB containing
point C and ray CX where X is a point on one X
of the half-planes H, as shown in Figure 2.5 H

From the definition of an angle which

states that an angle is the union of two non- A C B
collinear rays having a common endpoint, Fig. 2.5
we say that the measure of an angle is
unique and is greater than 0 and less than
180. This leads us to two postulates, the
angle measurement postulate and the angle
construction postulate.
Postulate 13: The Angle Measurement Postulate
An angle has a measure between 0 and 180.

Postulate 14: The Angle Construction Postulate

Let be a ray on the edge of a half-plane . For every number between 0
and 180, there is exactly one ray AX with point X on such that m∠XAB = r.
Some Theorems
about Angles
 There are some theorems that are easy to tell as to whether they are true
or not. The first three theorems in this section belong to this group whose validity
can be shown by simply recalling the terms that are used.

Theorem 2.7
If two angles are complementary, then both are acute.

1
2

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary.

Prove: ∠1 and ∠2 are both acute.
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary ∠s 1. Given
2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 90 2.
Definition of Complementary ∠s
3. m∠1 > 0
3. Angle Measurement Postulate
4. m∠2 < 90
4. If a + b = c and b > 0, ∴a < c.
5. m∠2 > 0
5. Angle Measurement Postulate
6. m∠1 < 90
6. If a + b = c and a > 0, ∴b < c.
7. ∠1 and ∠2 are both acute ∠s 7. Definition
of acute angles
Theorem 2.8
Any two right angles are congruent or if two angles are right angles, then
they are congruent.

1 2

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles.

Prove: ∠1 ∠2
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles 1. Given
2. m∠1 = 90
2. Definition of right angle
3. m∠2 = 90
3. Definition of right angle
4. m∠1 = m∠2 5. TPE
5. ∠1 ∠2
6. Definition of congruent angles

Statements 2 and 3 are derived from Statement 1 which tells that the two
c So, by
angles are right angles. b the adefinition
c of right angles, we have their
measures each equal to 90. Statement 4 comes from Statements 2 and 3, which
are:
The terms are marked as: If a = b and b = c, ∴a = c ∴
Therefore, the reason
m∠2for= Statement
m∠1 = am∠2
90 4 is Transitivity.
b Statement 5 comes from
Theorem 2.9
If two angles are congruent and are supplementary, then each is a right
angle.

1 2

Given: ∠1 ∠2
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary
Prove: ∠1is a right angle
∠2 is a right angle
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. ∠1 ∠2
1. Given
2. m∠1 = m∠2 2.
Definition of congruent ∠s
3. ∠1 and ∠2 are suppl. ∠s 3. Angle Measurement
Postulate
4. m∠1+ m∠2 = 180 4.
Definition of suppl. ∠s
5. m∠1+ m∠1 = 180 5. Law
of Substitution
6. 2m∠1 = 180 6.
Combination of similar terms
7. m∠1 = 90
7. MPE
8. ∠1 is a right ∠
8. Definition of a right angle
Theorem 2.10 The Supplement Theorem
Supplement of congruent angles are congruent.

1 2 3 4

Given: ∠1 ∠3
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles
∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary angles
Prove: ∠2 ∠4
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. ∠1 ∠3
1. Given
2. m∠1 = m∠3 2.
Definition of congruent angles
3. ∠1 and ∠2 are suppl. ∠s 3. Given
4. m∠1+ m∠2 = 180 4.
Definition of suppl. ∠s
5. ∠3 and ∠4 are suppl. ∠s 5. Given
6. m∠3+ m∠4 = 180 6.
Definition of suppl. ∠s
7. m∠1+ m∠2 = m∠3+ m∠4 7. TPE
8. m∠2 = m∠4 8. SPE
9. ∠2 ∠4
9. Definition of congruent angles
Theorem 2.11 The Complement Theorem
Complement of congruent angles are congruent.

The proof of this theorem is similar to that of the proof of the supplement
theorem. Try to write its formal proof.

Theorem 2.12 The Vertical Angle Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles.

Prove: ∠1 ∠2 3
1 2
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles 1. Given
2. ∠1 and ∠3 form a linear pair 2. Definition
of linear pair
3. ∠1 and ∠3 are supplementary ∠s 3. Supplement Postulate
4. ∠2 and ∠3 form a linear pair 4. Definition
of linear pair
5. ∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary ∠s 5. Supplement Postulate
6. ∠3 ∠3
6. Reflexive Property
7. ∠1 ∠2
7. The Supplement Theorem
Theorem 2.13 The Four Right Angles
Theorem
If two perpendicular lines formnone right angle, then they form four right
angles.
41
m
32

Given: m n
∠1 is a right angle
Prove: ∠2, ∠3, and ∠4 are right angles.
Proof.

Statements
Reasons
1. m n
1. Given
2. ∠1 is a right angle 2.
Given
3. m∠1 = 90
3. Definition of a right angle
4. ∠1 ∠3
4. Vertical Angle Theorem (VAT)
5. m∠1 = m∠3 5. Definition
of angles
6. m∠3 = 90
6. TPE
7. ∠3 is a right angle 7.
Definition of a right angle
8. ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear pair 8. Definition
of a linear pair
9. ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary ∠s 9. Supplement
Postulate
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
A. Give the theorem that supports the following conclusions.

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles.

1. Conclusions: ∠1 ∠2
1
2

Answer: Any two right angles are congruent.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
2.

Given: ∠1 ∠2
1
2
m∠1 + m∠2 = 180
Conclusions: ∠1 and ∠2 are right
angles.

Answer: If two angles are both congruent and supplementary, then both
angles are right.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
3. 1 Given: m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
32 m∠3 + m∠2 = 90
Conclusions: ∠1 ∠3

Answer: The complements of congruent angles are congruent.

(∠2 ∠2)
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
4. B Given: ∠BAC ∠EAD = 90
C m∠BAC + m∠CAE = 180
m∠EAD + m∠DAB = 180
A Conclusions: ∠CAE ∠DAB
D
E

Answer: The supplements of congruent angles are congruent.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
5. Conclusions: ∠1 ∠2
1
3 4
2

Answer: Vertical angles are congruent.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
6.
m
n Given: m ⊥ n
Conclusions: ∠a is a right angle, ∠b, ∠c, and ∠d
a are right angles
d b
c

Answer: If two perpendicular lines form one right angle, then they form four right
angles.
B. Complete the proof of the following by supplying the corresponding reasons for the
statements given.

1.
1 3 4 2 Given: ∠3 ∠4
Prove: ∠1 ∠2

Proof.

Statements
Reasons

1. ∠3 ∠4
1. __________________________
2. ∠1 and ∠3 form a linear pair 2.
__________________________
3. ∠2 and ∠4 form a linear pair 3.
__________________________
4. ∠1 and ∠3 are supplementary ∠s 4.
__________________________
Solution:
1. Given
2. Definition of linear pair
3. Definition of Linear pair
4. SP
5. SP
6. ST
 Given: ⊥ at A
2.

⊥ at A
E C
D
3 2
1 Prove: ∠1 ∠3
F A B

Proof #1
Statements

⊥ ⊥
Reasons
1. at A ; at A 1.
__________________________
2. ∠DAB is a right angle 2.
__________________________
3. ∠EAC is a right angle 3.
__________________________
4. m∠DAB = 90 4.
__________________________
5. m∠EAC = 90 5.
__________________________
6. m∠DAB = m∠1 + m∠2 6.
Solution:
1. Given
2. Definition of Perpendicularity
3. Definition of Perpendicularity
4. Definition of right angle
5. Definition of right angle
6. AAP
7. AAP
8. TPE
9. TPE
10. Reflexive Property
11. SPE
12. Definition of Congruent angles
Proof #2
Statements

⊥ at A
Reasons
1. 1.

⊥ at A
__________________________

2. ∠DAB and ∠EAC are right angles 2.

__________________________
3. m∠DAB = 90
3. __________________________
m∠EAC = 90

4. m∠DAB = m∠1 + m∠2

4. __________________________
m∠EAC = m∠3 + m∠2

5. m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
5. __________________________
m∠3 + m∠2 = 90
6. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles 6.
__________________________
Solution:
1. Given
2. Definition of Perpendicularity
3. Definition of right angle
4. AAP
5. TPE
6. Definition of complementary angles
7. Reflexive Property
8. The Complement Theorem
 Triangle
Congruence
Introduction

Triangles were first introduced in Chapter 1 and were defined as polygons with
three sides. In the same chapter, triangles were classified according to sides as well as
their angles. With respect to its sides, a triangle may either be scalene, isosceles, or
equilateral as shown in Figures 3-1(a), 3-1 (b), and 3-1 (c, respectively.

Scalene △ Isosceles △ Equilateral △

Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3-1 (c)
(a) (b)

Note that the sides with the same markings are sides with the same measure.
Hence, a scalene triangle is one with no two sides congruent (a); an isosceles triangle
is one with two congruent sides (b); and an equilateral triangle is one whose three
sides are congruent (c).
 Acute △
Similarly, triangles are classified with
respect to their angles. An acute triangle is a
triangle whose three angles are have
measures less than 90 as shown in Figure 3- Fig. 3-2
2.
Obtuse △
An obtuse triangle is a triangle that
has one obtuse angle whose measure is more
than 90 as shown in Figure 3-3. Fig. 3-3

A right triangle is a triangle that has

one right angle whose measure is 90 as Right △
shown in Figure 3-4.
Fig. 3-4

The triangle shown in Figure 3-5 is an

equiangular triangle which is defined to be a Equiangular △
triangle with three congruent angles.

Fig. 3-5
 A triangle can also be defined as the union of three segments that have three
non-collinear points as their endpoints. The segments are called the sides of the
triangle. The endpoints are called the vertices (plural of vertex) of the triangle.
Hence, triangle ABC represented as △ABC shown in Figure 3.6 has the segments , ,
and as its sides. Similarly, the vertices of the triangle are A, B, and C.
Looking ate the same figure, we note C
that the triangle forms three angles namely
∠ABC, ∠ACB, and ∠BAC. The included angle of
and is ∠BAC, while the included angle of and
is ∠ABC. Similarly, the included angle of and is
∠ACB. Hence, an included angle of two given
sides of a triangle is that angle whose vertex is A B
the common endpoint of the segments Fig. 3.6
representing the two given sides.

In the same manner, an included segment of two given angles of a triangle

is that side whose endpoints are the vertices of the two angles. Hence, the included
side of ∠BAC and ∠ABC is . Finally, the included segment of ∠BAC and ∠ACB is .

Referring again to Figure 3.6, is called the opposite side of ∠BAC, and ∠ABC
is called the opposite angle to .
 A triangle separates a plane into two
parts namely, the interior of the triangle and
the exterior of the triangle. The interior part exterio exterio
of the triangle is the union of points that r r
interior
makes up a convex set while the exterior is
the union of points that makes up the non-
convex part of the plane as shown in Figure Fig.
3.7. 3.7
Definitions

Triangle – A polygon with three sides.

– The union of three segments that have three non-
collinear points as their endpoints.
– If A, B, and C are non-collinear points, then the union of ,
, and is called triangle ABC.
Scalene △ – A triangle with no two sides congruent.
Isosceles △ – A triangle with a pair of congruent sides.
Equilateral △ – A triangle with all the sides congruent.
Acute △ – A triangle with all the angles acute.
Obtuse △ – A triangle with an obtuse angle.
Right △ – A triangle with a right angle.
Equiangular △ – A triangle with three congruent angles
Included Angle – An angle whose vertex is the common endpoint of the
segments representing the two
given sides.
Included Side – The side of the triangle whose endpoints are the
vertices of the two given angle.
 3.1
Secondary Parts
of a Triangle
 The three sides and the three angles which are determined by the three
vertices are the major parts of a triangle. Its secondary parts are the medians, the
angle bisector, altitudes and the perpendicular bisector of the sides. A median
of a triangle is a segment whose endpoints are a vertex of the triangle and the
midpoint of the opposite side. The three medians of △ABC are shown in Figure 3.8
namely , , and . A
A A

Q R

B C C B C
P B
Fig. 3.8

Since P, Q, and R are midpoints of the three sides , and respectively, then we
can conclude that , , and .
 Notice that the three medians intersect at appoint in the interior of the triangle
as shown in Figure 3.9. This points of intersection is the concurrency which is referred
to as the centroid of the triangle.

A pt. of concurrency (centroid)

R Q

B P C
Fig. 3.9
 An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment that bisects an angle and whose
endpoints are a vertex of the given angle and a point on the opposite side. The angle
bisectors of △ABC are , , and as shown in Figure 3.10.
B B A

X Z

III III
A C A C B C
Y

Fig. 3.10
 Note that every triangle has three angle bisectors. The point of concurrency of
the three angle bisectors is called the incenter of the triangle. Figure 3.11 shows the
three angle bisectors and their point of concurrency.

A pt. of concurrency (incenter)

Z X

B Y C
Fig. 3.11
 The altitude of a triangle is a segment from a vertex of a triangle
perpendicular to the line containing the opposite side. Hence, the altitudes of △ABC
are , , and as shown in Figure 3.12.

A A A
Q R

B C B C B C
P

Fig. 3.12
 Note that a triangle has three altitudes. The point of concurrency of the three
altitudes is called the orthocenter of the triangle. The point of concurrency of the
three altitudes of the triangle is shown in Figure 3.13.
pt. of concurrency A
A pt. of concurrency A

Q R Q
R

B C B C B C
P P

Fig. 3.13
 A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is al line equidistant to the
endpoints of the given side of the triangle. Since a triangle has three sides, then the
triangle has three perpendicular bisectors. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of
△ABC are shown in Figure 3.14 are , , and . The point of concurrency of the three
perpendicular bisectors of a given triangle is called the circumcenter of the triangle.

A
H

I II
K

I
F

I II

I
B II II
C
G pt. of concurrency
I J
(circumcenter)
Fig. 3.13
 A perpendicular bisector of a segment is a segment (or ray or line) that is
perpendicular to the segment at its midpoint.
ℓ
In the figure at the right, line ℓ is C
the perpendicular bisector of .

If ℓ is the perpendicular bisector

of ,
∴ ∠1 is a right 1
angle A I I B
Q
 The proofs of the following theorems are left as exercise 25-28 (by using
congruent triangles).

Theorem 3.1
ℓ
If a point lies on the
P
perpendicular bisector of a segment,
then the point is equidistant from the
endpoints of the segment.

Given: ℓ is the perpendicular

bisector of ; P is on A I I B
Q
ℓ.
Prove:
 Theorem 3.2
ℓ
If a point is equidistant from the
P
endpoints of the segment, then the point
lies on the perpendicular bisector of the
I
segment.

I
Given:
Given: P is on the perpendicular A B
Q
bisector of .

The distance from a point to a A

line (or plane) is defined to be the length
of the perpendicular segment from the

since ⊥ ℓ, then AB is the distance from A

point to the line (or plane. In the figure,
ℓ
to ℓ. B
 Theorem 3.3
If a point lies on the bisector of an
angle, then the point is equidistant from the A
sides of the angle.
P

⊥ , and ⊥ .
Given: bisects ∠ABC, Q lies on ,

Prove:
B
C

Theorem 3.4
If a point is equidistant from the sides
A
of an angle, then the point lies on the bisector
of the angle. Q

Given: ⊥ , ⊥ and
Prove: bisects ∠B.
B
C
ILLUSTRATION EXAMPLES 3.1

1. Which segments are altitudes? Which are medians? Which are angle bisectors?
Which are perpendicular bisectors?
L
F
B I
a. b. c. I I
I I H

II
D I
I

II
E
A C G I I
L I I N
J K M P
is an altitude. is an altitude. is a median, an altitude.
is a median. is a perpendicular bisector. and an angle bisector.
is an angle bisector. is a median.
ILLUSTRATION EXAMPLES 3.1

1. Which segments are altitudes? Which are medians? Which are angle bisectors?
Which are perpendicular bisectors?
L
F
B I
a. b. c. I I
I I H

II
D I
I

II
E
A C G I I
L I I N
J K M P
is an altitude. is an altitude. is a median, an altitude.
is a median. is a perpendicular bisector. and an angle bisector.
is an angle bisector. is a median.
2. Supply a valid conclusion for each of the following:

a. If is an altitude of △ABC,
∴ ___________________.

Ans. ⊥

b. If is a median of
△ABC,
∴ ___________________.
Ans.

c. If is angle bisector of
△ABC,
∴ ___________________.
Ans. ∠BAD ∠DAC
3. Based on the given information, identify the segments which are congruent.
A

a. Given: is the perpendicular bisector of .

Answer: and

B C
D
b. Given: bisect ∠QPR of △PQR.
Answer: ∠QPS ∠SPR
Definitions

Median of a Triangle – a segment whose endpoints are a vertex of the

triangle and the midpoint of the opposite side.
Angle bisector of a Triangle – a segment which bisects an angle and
whose endpoints are a vertex of the triangle
and a point on the opposite side.
Altitude of a Triangle – a segment from the vertex of the triangle
perpendicular to the line containing the
opposite side.
Perpendicular Bisector of a Side of a Triangle – a line equidistant to
the endpoints of the given side.
Incenter – the point of concurrency of the three angle bisectors of the
triangle.
Centroid– the point of concurrency of the three medians of the triangles.
Orthocenter – the point of concurrency of the three altitudes of the
triangle.
Circumcenter– the point of concurrency of the three perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of the triangle.
3.2. Postulates
and Theorems
about
Congruent
Triangles
 Earlier in this section, we say that two triangles are congruent if their six
corresponding parts are congruent. However, we can have congruent triangles
without having all the corresponding parts of the two triangles congruent. The
postulates and theorems that will indicate the conditions for any two triangles to be
congruent are the following:

3.2a The SSS Congruent Postulate

Postulate 18 The SSS Postulate

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of
the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Postulate 18 is often called the side-side-side pattern.

A D

If , and , Ii
i
Ii
i

I
∴ △ABC △DEF by the SSS Postulate.
B II C E II F
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 3.2a

1. Based from markings, which triangles are congruent?

I N
Iii Ii
i
W D
II

I II I

Answer: Applying the SSS

Post.,
, and
Thus,
△WYI
△DYN.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 3.2a

2. Use the marked triangles to write a proper congruence statement?

A I B Z
II

Iii

Iii

II
Y X
I
C

Given:

Answer: Applying Post. 18,

△ABC
△XYZ.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 3.2a
P
3. Given: O is the midpoint of both and

Prove: △SPO △TRO S O

T

Answer:

Proof:
Statements
Reasons
1. O is the midpoint of and 1.
Reason
2.
2. Definition of midpoint

3.
 3.2b The SAS and ASA Congruence
Postulate
Postulate 19 The SAS Postulate
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

The term “included angle” is the

angle formed by the two given sides. In A D
the diagram at the right, ∠B is the
included angle of sides and ∠E is the
included angle of sides and In order to B C E F
use the side-angle-side postulate, we
must be able to identify the appropriate If ∠B ∠E, and
sides and angles. ∴ △ABC △DEF by the SAS Postulate
Postulate 20 The ASA Postulate
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

The term “included side” is the

A D
side whose endpoints are the vertices
of the two given angles. In the diagram
at the right, is the included side of ∠A E
B C F
and ∠B. is the included side of ∠D and
∠E. If∠A ∠D, , and ∠B ∠E
∴ △ABC △DEF by the ASA Postulate.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 3.2b

1. Based on the markings shown, are the triangles congruent? If so, write a congruence
statement.
A
a. b. GJ c. M
I

II II

N Q
I

I I
B II C P
E
I I

I
I
D I HK L O
II

F
Yes. △ABC △DEF by No. Yes. △MNP △ONQ by
the SAS Postulate. the ASA Postulate.
2. Complete each statement.

E
a. To prove that b. To prove that △DTE
△TED △BAR by △RBA by the ASA Postulate,
SAS Postulate, prove that ∠D? ___, ___,
? and
T D
show
? that ? ___, B ∠T? ___.
∠A ___ ? , and ___.

A R

Answer: , ∠A, and Answer: ∠R, , and ∠B

3. Write the proofs of the following:

⊥
a. Given: ∠LFE and ∠LFT b. Given: bisects ∠L and
are right angles and
F is
the midpoint of . Prove: △LFE △LFT

Prove: △LFE △LFT E T

F
a.

Proof:

Statements Reasons

1. ∠LFE and ∠LFT are right angles 1. Given

2. m∠LFE = 90 2.
Definition of right angle
m∠LFT = 90
3. m∠LFE = m∠LFT 3. TPE
4. ∠LFE ∠LFT 4.
Definition of congruent angles
5. 5. Reflexive
Property
6. F is the midpoint of 6. Given
7. 7. Definition of
midpoint
8. ∴ △LFE △LFT 8. SAS Postulate
b.

Proof:

Statements Reasons

1. bisects ∠L 1. Given
2. ∠ELF ∠TLF 2.

3. ⊥
Definition of bisector angles
3. Given
4. ∠LFE and ∠LFT are right angles 4. Definition of
perpendicularity
5. m∠LFE = 90 5.
Definition of right angle
m∠LFT = 90
6. m∠LFE = m∠LFT 6. TPE
7. ∠LFE ∠LFT 7.
Definition of congruent angles
8. 8. Reflexive
Property
9. △LFE △LFT 9. ASA Postulate