CE 1120

ENGINEERING DRAWING LAB

LECTURE-2

Course Details
Course Code: CE-1120
Credit Hours: Lab (0-2)

Instructor
Name: Engr. Rizwan Shahid
Designation: Lecturer
Department: Civil Engineering
Email: [email protected]
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 FACES OF THE OBJECT
Six main faces of the object namely;
1. Front
2. Back or rear
3. Left side
4. Right Side
5. Top and
6. Bottom

That side of the object which contains the larger horizontal

dimension is generally fixed as the front side in case of Machine
drawing, whereas in Building drawing, front side of the
building is that side which has main entrance to the building
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 PLANES OF PROJECTION
Plane
Plane is two-dimensional smooth surface having the third
dimension negligible
Projection
Projection is the process of causing an image to be formed by rays
of sight emerging from an object taken in a particular direction
from the object to a picture plane
Planes of Projection
Plane of projection is actually the picture plane over which image
of the object is formed.
Picture plane in case of engineering drawing may be considered
as the drawing paper while the image formed on the picture plane
is called a view 10/22/2024 3
 PLANES OF PROJECTION(CONTD.)
There are three general planes of projection
Frontal Plane
Any plane parallel to a vertical plane passing through main feature of
the object on the front is called frontal plane. This plane shows height
and length of the object
End or Profile Plane
Any vertical plane at right angle to the frontal plane is called end or
profile plane, which includes height and width of the object.
Horizontal plane
As the name implies this plane is horizontal and is at right angle to both
the frontal and the profile planes. The plane includes length and width of
the object.
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SPACE DIMENSIONS
Length
It is the perpendicular distance between two profile planes that
contain the object. Care must be taken for the inclined and the
curved surfaces while finding out the total length
Width
It is the perpendicular distance between two frontal planes that
contain the object
Height
It is the perpendicular distance between two horizontal planes
that contain the object. The dimension should always be vertical

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
 Orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact shape
of the object by carrying perpendicular rays from two or more sides of
the object to picture planes generally at right angle to each other.
Collectively the views on these planes must describe the object
completely
 The word ortho means 90 degree.
 An orthographic projection is a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-
dimensional object

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 SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS
 The plane of projection can be oriented to
produce an infinite number of views of an
object. However, some views are more
important than others.
 These principal views are six mutually
perpendicular views that are produced by
six mutually perpendicular planes of
projection.
 One way to understand the standard
arrangement of views on a sheet of paper
is to envision the object in a glass box
 The outside observer would see six
standard views of the object through the
sides of this imaginary glass box
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GLASS BOX METHOD

 The object is placed in a glass

box.
 The image of the object is
projected on the sides of the
box.
 The box is unfolded.
 The sides of the box are the
principal views.

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GLASS BOX METHOD

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NUMBER OF REQUIRED VIEWS

You may use additional views, such as the left, back, or bottom
views to describe an object if the object cannot be fully described
in the three standard views
Additional views such as section views, detail views and auxiliary
views may also be drawn to fully describe the object

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MEASUREMENT TRANSFER BETWEEN
VIEWS
 Top and Bottom views show
LENGTH and WIDTH
 Left and Right views show
HEIGHT and WIDTH
 Front and Rear views show
HEIGHT and LENGTH
 The line (drawn at a 45° angle)
is used to transfer depth
measurements between the top
and right side (or left side)
views.
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NORMAL PLANE
Normal Planes will
appear as an edge in
two views and a true
sized plan in the
remaining view when
using three views
such as a top, front
and right side

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INCLINED PLANE
 Inclined Planes will
appear as an edge view
in only one of the three
views
 The inclined plane will
appear as a rectangular
surface in the other two
views

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OBLIQUE PLANES
 Oblique Planes will not
appear as an edge
view in any of the six
views since they are
not parallel or
perpendicular to the
projection planes.
 They always appear as
a “plane” and have
the same number of
corners in each of the
six views

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CURVED SURFACES
A cylinder will appear as a
circle in one view and a
rectangular shape the other
two views

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AXIS AND CENTER LINES
 The axis appears where the
cylinder appears
rectangular.
 Center marks are used to
identify the center of the
cylinder where it appears
circular

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CHOOSING THE FRONT VIEW
Considerations when choosing the front view of an object
 Chose the view that shows the most features or
characteristics of the object
 Choose the view that contains the least number of hidden
lines.
 Choose the view so the part is oriented with its longest
length parallel to the bottom of the drawing.

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FIRST- AND THIRD-ANGLE
PROJECTION
There are two main systems used for projecting and
unfolding the views:
 Third-angle projection which is used in the United States,
Canada and some other countries
 First-angle projection which is primarily used in Europe and
Asia
You should understand both methods

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THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION

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FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION

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HIDDEN LINES

An advantage of orthographic views is that each

view shows the object all the way through as if it
were transparent
 Thick dark lines represent visible features
 Dashed lines represent features that would be
hidden behind other surfaces
 When possible, choose views that show features
with visible lines
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RULES FOR DRAWING HIDDEN LINES

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CENTERLINES
The centerline is used to:
 Show the axis of symmetry of a feature or part
 Indicate a path of motion
 Show the location for bolt circles or other circular patterns

The centerline pattern is composed of three dashes, one

long dash on each end with a short dash in the middle

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EXAMPLES - VISIBLE, HIDDEN AND
CENTERLINES

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EXAMPLES - VISIBLE, HIDDEN AND
CENTERLINES

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 PRECEDENCE OF LINES
When lines coincide on a drawing the rules of precedence are:
 Visible lines always take precedence over hidden or centerlines
 Hidden lines take precedence over centerlines

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 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER…
 Choose the front view
 Determine the number of required views
 Identify the scale
 Draw visible lines for the front view
 Project the feature to draw the top view
 Draw the hidden lines
 Draw the center lines and center marks

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SCALE

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SPACING OF THREE VIEW DRAWING

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STEPS FOR DRAWING PROJECTIONS

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STEPS FOR DRAWING PROJECTIONS

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LAB ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

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