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Areas Using Integration

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65 views11 pages

Areas Using Integration

Uploaded by

ninj4t1g3r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AREAS

USING
INTEGRATION
Learning objectives and overview:
After reading this presentation you should be able to:

• Find the area bounded by a curve and the x-axis.

• Find the area bounded by a curve and the x-axis when the
whole or part of the region is below the x-axis.

• Find the area enclosed by two curves.

Edexcel specification reference:


AS and A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics Section 8.3
Definite integrals and areas under curves.
The area, A, bounded by a curve, y = f(x),
the x-axis and the lines x = a, and x = b,
is given by:

b
A y dx
a
Example 1: Find the area shown enclosed by the curve
y = x2, the x-axis, and the lines x = 1 and
x = 2.

2 2
 x 3   2 3  1 3  8 1 7
I = x dx =   =   –   =
2 – =
 3   3  3  3 3 3
1 1

7
Hence, the shaded area = (units squared)
3
Example 2: Find the area enclosed by the curve y = 3x2 – 6x
and the x-axis.

Firstly we need to find where the curve crosses the x-axis.

i.e. When y = 0; 0 = 3x2 – 6x


0 = 3x(x – 2)
x = 0 or 2
The graph looks like this:
2 2 2
 3x3 6x2   3 
Now, I = 3x – 6x dx = 
2 –  =  x – 3x 
2

0 3 2 
0  0
= [ 8 – 12 ] – [ 0 ] = – 4
n.b. The integral is negative, this is because the area lies below the
x-axis. The actual area is 4 (units squared)
Since an area below the x-axis gives
a negative value, care must be taken
when part of the required region
is above the x axis and part is below.
e.g.
Example 3: Find the area shown enclosed
by the curve y = x (x – 1), the
x-axis, and the line x = 2 .

We need to calculate
2 separate integrals:
1 2
I1 =  – x dx and, I2 =
x 2
 – x dx
x 2

0 1
1
x x 3
 1 1
2
1
I1     3  2   6 For the actual area,
 3 2 0 add the 2 answers,
2
ignoring the negative:
x x   1 1  5
3 2
8 
I 2     3  2   3  2 6 1 5
 3 21    Area    1
6 6
Area bounded by two curves:
y y = g(x)
To find the area bounded by
two curves, (or a curve and
a line), consider the graph
shown:

The required area, R, is the R y = f(x)


area under y = f(x) between
x = a and x = b, minus the
area under y = g(x) between a x
b
x = a and x = b.

Use simultaneous equations to find the points of intersection.


b b
Then R = f(x) dx – g(x) dx b
a a
Since the limits are the same for both integrals,
they can be combined to a single integral:
R= f(x) – g(x) dx
a
Example 4: The curve y = x2 – 4x + 5 y
B
and the line y = 2x intersect
as shown. Find the area of the region R
enclosed by the two graphs.
R
A
Firstly we need the two points of
intersection, A and B. 1 5 x

x2 – 4x + 5 = 2x
The required area, R, is the area under
x – 6x + 5 = 0
2
the line, between x = 1 and x = 5,
(x – 1)(x – 5) = 0 minus the area under the curve between
x = 1 and x = 5.
 x = 1 or 5
5 5
i.e. R = 2x dx – x2 – 4x + 5 dx
1 1
5
Note: The 1st part of the integral i.e. 
2x dx ( the area under the line)
1
could be found by calculating the area of a trapezium.
5 5
We now have: R= 2x dx –  – 4x + 5 dx
x 2

1 1
b
Since the limits are the same for both integrals,
they can be combined to a single integral:
i.e. R = f(x) – g(x) dx
a
5
 R= 2x – (x 2
– 4x + 5) dx
1
5
R= 6x – x 2
– 5 dx
1

5
 x 3  125 1 32
 R =  3x –
2
– 5x  = ( 75 – – 25 ) – ( 3 – –5) =
 3  3 3 3
1
Summary of key points:
The area, A, bounded by a curve, y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines
x = a, and x = b, is given by:
b
A y dx
a

A region which lies below the x-axis gives a negative integral.


The area, R bounded by two functions which intersect at
x = a, and x = b is given by: b
R= f(x) – g(x) dx
a

Care must be taken when part of the required region is above


the x-axis, and part is below.
This PowerPoint produced by R.Collins ; Updated Sep.2017

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