The Circulatory
System
The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types
The Circulatory System
The cardiovascular
system is transport
system of body
It comprises blood, heart
and blood vessels.
The system supplies
nutrients to and remove
waste products from
various tissue of body.
The conveying media is
liquid in form of blood
which flows in close
tubular system.
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BLOOD
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
I. HEART
Heart is a four chambered,
hollow muscular organ
approximately the size of your
fist
Location:
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral
column, posterior to the
sternum
Functions of the Heart
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
– Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
– Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
– Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
HEART’S ANATOMY Pericardium
Double-layered sac covering
the heart
Outer layer anchors heart in
chest
Inner layer (epicardium)
attached to heart wall
Lubricating fluid in
pericardial
space (between layers)
reduces friction
Heart Wall
3 layers:
Epicardium: outer wall joined with pericardium
Myocardium: the actual cardiac muscle that contracts
Endocardium: lines heart chambers & vessels
Heart
Chambers
Four chambers:
2 atria: top of
heart – receive
blood from veins
2 ventricles:
bottom of heart –
pump blood
through arteries
Heart Valves
Septum: divides left from
right heart
Valves: keep blood
flowing in one direction
Four valves:
2 AV valves,
2 semilunar valves
Blood Flow Through Heart
II. Blood Vessels
Arteries: carry
blood away from the hear
Veins: carry blood to
the heart
Capillaries: connect
arteries to veins &
exchange gases with
tissues
Arteries
Carry blood at high
pressure
Very thick, stretchy
walls that expand in size
Most carry oxygenated
blood (red)
Damaged arteries spurt
in time to heart beat
Veins
Carry blood at low
pressure
Have valves to
prevent backflow of
blood against gravity
Most carry de-
oxygenated blood
(purple)
Damaged veins ooze
blood
Vena Cava: dump all blood
from the body into the right
atria
superior vena cava: receives
blood from upper body
inferior vena cava: receives
blood from lower body
Capillaries
Connect arteries and veins
Walls are one cell thick
Allow exchange of gases
through thin walls
Drop off oxygen delivered from
heart by arteries
Pick up CO and send it to the
heart thru veins
III.Blood
Functions:
1.Transport gases, nutrients and waste products.
2.Transport processed molecules
3.Responsible for clot formation
4.Protects body against foreign substances
Blood composition
55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.)
45% Cellular elements:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): 5-6 million RBCs/ml of blood.
Contain hemoglobin which transport oxygen and CO2.
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs): 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml of blood.
Play an
essential role in immunity and defense. Include:
a. Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
b. Macrophages: (phagocytes)
c. Granulocytes: Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophil
3. Platelets: Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of blood.
Important in blood clotting.
Components of Plasma
Water Protein
90% of plasma is water: A.Albumin = Creates colloid
Solvent for carrying other osmotic pressure that draws
H20 from interstitial fluid into
substances
capillaries to maintain blood
Absorbs heat
volume & pressure
B.Globulins = Carry lipids
C.Fibrinogen Important clotting
factor. Converted into fibrin
during the clotting process.
Components of formed elements
A. Erythrocytes - Red Blood
Cells
– Contain hemoglobin
– Do not have a nucleus and
mitochondria
– live only about 120 days.
– biconcave shape
–Can not repair themselves.
B. Leukocytes – White Blood
cells
-formed in the bone marrow
-the bodies “defence”
-part of the immune system
-much larger than RBCs
-far fewer
-have a nucleus
C. Thrombocytes –
Platelets.
–These are cell fragment that
are formed in the bone
marrow from magakaryocytes.
–Clot Blood by sticking
together via protein fibers
called fibrin.
Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count
• Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing
anemia
• Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in
thrombocytes
• Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve
problems
• Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked
with plaque, also called myocardial infarction
Coronary
Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis affects the arteries that supply the heart muscle
Symptoms: short of breath after simple exertion, angina (chest pain)
