IGCSE CHEMISTRY
SECTION 5 LESSON 1
Content
The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements
course
Section 3 Organic Chemistry
Section 4 Physical Chemistry
Section 5 Chemistry in Society
Content
Section 5
a) Extraction and uses of
metals
Chemistry b) Crude oil
in c) Synthetic polymers
industry d) The industrial
manufacture of
chemicals
a) Extraction and uses of metals
Lesson 1 5.1 explain how the methods of extraction of the
metals in this section are related to their
positions in the reactivity series
a) Extraction 5.2 describe and explain the extraction of
aluminium from purified aluminium oxide by
and uses of
electrolysis, including:
metals i the use of molten cryolite as a solvent and to
decrease the required operating temperature
ii the need to replace the positive electrodes
iii the cost of the electricity as a major factor
5.3 write ionic half-equations for the reactions at
the electrodes in aluminium extraction
5.4 describe and explain the main reactions
involved in the extraction of iron from iron ore
(haematite), using coke, limestone and air in a
blast furnace
5.5 explain the uses of aluminium and iron, in terms
of their properties.
The Reactivity Series of Metals
GOLD IRON
SODIUM Which of these MAGNESIUM
metals is the
most reactive?
The Reactivity Series of Metals
To help with
GOLD this, we have
the
IRON
REACTIVITY
SERIES
SODIUM MAGNESIUM
The Reactivity Series of Metals
To help with
GOLD this, we have
the T
ME EIR
AIRON
LS
REACTIVITY O F TH
R IE S T O T
S E
SERIES
Y I N G O S
V I T R D MM
C T I C C O F R O V E
R E A S A T Y , C TI
E A L I V I E A
TH M ET EACT S T R
ST S L R L E A
LI R A T O
E E
GEN ACTIV
RE
SODIUM MAGNESIUM
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K
Very
reactive SODIUM Na
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
SODIUM Na
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg from their ores by
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very An
SODIUM NaORE is a type of
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUMrock that contains
Ca
from their ores by
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly
minerals with
ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive important elements
(CARBON)
ZINC including
Zn metals.
IRON Fe
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
ELECTROLYSIS
POTASSIUM K is the
Metals above carbon
Very
reactive process
SODIUM Na by which ionic
must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
substances arefrombroken
MAGNESIUM Mg their ores by
down into simplerelectrolysis
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al
reactive substances when an
(CARBON)
electric
ZINC Zn current is passed
IRON through
Fe them.
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
SODIUM Na
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg from their ores by
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn Metals below carbon can be
IRON Fe extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very REDUCTION
SODIUM Na is a
reactive must be extracted
chemical reaction
CALCIUM Ca
from in ores by
their
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly
which oxygenelectrolysis
ALUMINIUM Al
is
reactive removed from a
(CARBON)
ZINC Zn
compound.
Metals below carbon can be
IRON Fe extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
SODIUM Na
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg from their ores by
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn Metals below carbon can be
IRON Fe extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu Metals below hydrogen
SILVER Ag don’t react with water or
Not at
GOLD Au acid. They don’t easily
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt tarnish or corrode.
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K
Very
reactive SODIUM Na The reactivity series
CALCIUM Ca depends upon three
MAGNESIUM Mg standard reactions. These
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al reactions are with:
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe
1.AIR
Not very LEAD Pb 2.WATER
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu 3.DILUTE ACID
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Reaction with
POTASSIUM K
Very
reactive SODIUM Na AIR
Burn very easily with a bright
CALCIUM Ca flame
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe React slowly with air when heated
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
SILVER Ag
Not at No reaction
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Reaction with
POTASSIUM K
Very
reactive SODIUM Na WATER
React with cold water
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al
React with steam
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe Reacts reversibly with steam
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
No reaction with water or steam
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Reaction with DILUTE ACID
POTASSIUM K
Very
reactive SODIUM Na Violent reaction with dilute acids
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al
React fairly well with dilute acids
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe
Not very LEAD Pb
reactive (HYDROGEN)
COPPER Cu
No reaction with dilute acids
SILVER Ag
Not at
GOLD Au
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
SODIUM Na
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg from their ores by
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn Metals below carbon can be
IRON Fe extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu Metals below hydrogen
SILVER Ag don’t react with water or
Not at
GOLD Au acid. They don’t easily
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt tarnish or corrode.
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
reactive SODIUM Na
e g .
must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
i u m
MAGNESIUM Mg
m i n
from their ores by
Fairly
reactive
ALUMINIUM Al
(CARBON) Al u
electrolysis
ZINC Zn Metals below carbon can be
IRON Fe extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu Metals below hydrogen
SILVER Ag don’t react with water or
Not at
GOLD Au acid. They don’t easily
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt tarnish or corrode.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
Bauxite is impure
aluminium oxide, Al2O3
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
Bauxite is impure
aluminium oxide, Al2O3
Because
aluminium is
high up in
the reactivity
series, a lot
of energy is
needed to
extract it –
this energy
comes from
ELECTRICITY
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
ELECTROLYSIS is the term
Because used for the extraction of
aluminium is a metal from its’ ore. This
high up in
the reactivity technique is used for all
series, a lot metals above CARBON in
of energy is the reactivity series.
needed to
extract it –
this energy
comes from
ELECTRICITY
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
ELECTROLYSIS is the term
Because used for the extraction of
aluminium is a metal from its’ ore. This
high up in
the reactivity technique is used for all
series, a lot metals above CARBON in
of energy is the reactivity series.
needed to
extract it – After mining and purifying
this energy of bauxite, a white powder
comes from is left.
ELECTRICITY
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
ELECTROLYSIS is the term
Because used for the extraction of
aluminium is a metal from its’ ore. This
high up in
the reactivity technique is used for all
series, a lot metals above CARBON in
of energy is the reactivity series.
needed to
extract it – After mining and purifying
this energy of bauxite, a white powder
comes from is left.
ELECTRICITY
This is pure aluminium
oxide, Al2O3, which melts
at over 2000oC.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
For electrolysis to work,
Because the oxide needs to be in a
aluminium is molten state. To achieve
high up in
the reactivity this, the aluminium oxide
series, a lot is dissolved in molten
of energy is cryolite.
needed to
extract it –
this energy
comes from
ELECTRICITY
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
For electrolysis to work,
Because the oxide needs to be in a
aluminium is molten state. To achieve
high up in
the reactivity this, the aluminium oxide
series, a lot is dissolved in molten
of energy is cryolite.
needed to
extract it –
this energy This reduces the
comes from temperature down to
ELECTRICITY
about 900oC which makes
the process of electrolysis
much cheaper and easier.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+ Graphite Anode
-
Graphite
Cathode
Steel Case
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+ Graphite Anode
-
Graphite
Cathode
Steel Case
Aluminium oxide Molten
dissolved in molten aluminium
cryolite
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+
- The electrodes are made of
graphite (carbon). The
graphite anode reacts with
oxygen to form CO2, so it
needs to be replaced quite
often.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+
- The electrodes are made of
graphite (carbon). The
graphite anode reacts with
oxygen to form CO2, so it
needs to be replaced quite
often.
When molten, the
Al2O3 dissociates into
the ions, Al3+ and O2-
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+
- The electrodes are made of
graphite (carbon). The
graphite anode reacts with
oxygen to form CO2, so it
needs to be replaced quite
often.
When molten, the
Al2O3 dissociates into
The positive ion, Al3+, the ions, Al3+ and O2-
will be attracted
towards the negative
cathode.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
+
- The electrodes are made of
graphite (carbon). The
graphite anode reacts with
oxygen to form CO2, so it
needs to be replaced quite
often.
When molten, the
Al2O3 dissociates into
The positive ion, Al3+, the ions, Al3+ and O2-
will be attracted
towards the negative The negative ion, O2-,
cathode. will be attracted
towards the positive
anode.
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the
cathode (-
ve)
- - - Al3
Al3
+ - - - +
- - - Al3
+
- - -
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the
cathode (-
ve)
- - - Al3
Al3+ + 3e-
Al3
+ - - - + Al
- - - Al3
+
- - -
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the
cathode (-
ve)
- - - Al3
Al3+ + 3e-
Al3
+ - - - + Al
- - - Al3
+
- - -
Al
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the anode
(+ve)
+ + O2-
O2-
+ +
+ + O2-
+ +
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the anode
(+ve)
+ + O2-
2O2- - 4e-
O2-
+ + O2
+ + O2-
+ +
Extracting Aluminium from
Bauxite
At the anode
(+ve)
O2 O2
+ + O2-
2O2- - 4e-
O2-
+ + O2
+ + O2-
+ +
The Reactivity Series of Metals
POTASSIUM K Metals above carbon
Very
SODIUM Na
reactive must be extracted
CALCIUM Ca
MAGNESIUM Mg from their ores by
Fairly ALUMINIUM Al electrolysis
reactive (CARBON)
ZINC Zn
IRON Fe
Iro n
Metals below carbon can be
extracted from their ores
Not very LEAD Pb
eg.
using reduction with coke or
reactive (HYDROGEN) charcoal
COPPER Cu Metals below hydrogen
SILVER Ag don’t react with water or
Not at
GOLD Au acid. They don’t easily
all
reactive PLATINUM Pt tarnish or corrode.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron
is below
CARBON in
the reactivity
series, it can
be removed
from the ore
by heating
with carbon
in a BLAST
FURNACE.
This is a
REDUCTION
reaction.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron
is below
t io n
CARBON in
du c
the reactivity
re v e d
i a
series, it can
n rem
be removed o
ha t s
r t n i
from the ore
be y g e by heating
e m o x with carbon
Re m io n in a BLAST
c t FURNACE.
rea
This is a
REDUCTION
reaction.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron The raw materials in the
is below blast furnace are iron ore,
CARBON in
the reactivity coke and limestone.
series, it can
be removed
from the ore
by heating
with carbon
in a BLAST
FURNACE.
This is a
REDUCTION
reaction.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron The raw materials in the
is below blast furnace are iron ore,
CARBON in
the reactivity coke and limestone.
series, it can
be removed Iron ore is iron oxide,
from the ore
by heating Fe2O3
with carbon
in a BLAST
FURNACE.
This is a
REDUCTION
reaction.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron The raw materials in the
is below blast furnace are iron ore,
CARBON in
the reactivity coke and limestone.
series, it can
be removed Iron ore is iron oxide,
from the ore
by heating Fe2O3
with carbon
in a BLAST
FURNACE.
Coke is almost pure
This is a carbon – it will reduce the
REDUCTION iron oxide
reaction.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Because iron The raw materials in the
is below blast furnace are iron ore,
CARBON in
the reactivity coke and limestone.
series, it can
be removed Iron ore is iron oxide,
from the ore
by heating Fe2O3
with carbon
in a BLAST
FURNACE.
Coke is almost pure
This is a carbon – it will reduce the
REDUCTION iron oxide
reaction.
Limestone is calcium
carbonate, CaCO3, and
removes the impurities.
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Blast furnace
Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
1. Hot air is blasted into
the furnace to make the Iron ore,
coke burn much faster coke and
limestone
than normal and the
temperature rises to
about 1500oC.
1500oC
Hot air Hot air
Molten slag
Molten iron
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Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
2. The coke burns and
produces carbon
dioxide:
Iron ore,
coke and
C + O2 CO2 limestone
3. The carbon dioxide
then reacts with
unburnt coke to form 1500oC
carbon monoxide.
CO2 + C 2CO
Hot air Hot air
Molten slag
Molten iron
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Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
4. The carbon monoxide
then reduces the iron
ore to iron:
Iron ore,
coke and
3CO + Fe2O3 3CO2 + limestone
2Fe
5. The iron is molten at
this temperature and it 1500oC
is also very dense so it
runs straight to the
bottom of the furnace
where it is tapped
Hot airoff. Hot air
Molten slag
Molten iron
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Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Removing the impurities
1. The main impurity is
sand (silicon dioxide). Iron ore,
This is removed by the coke and
limestone
limestone.
2. Limestone is
decomposed by heat
into calcium oxide and
CO2. 1500oC
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Hot air Hot air
Molten slag
Molten iron
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Extracting Iron in a Blast Furnace
Removing the impurities
3. The calcium oxide
reacts with sand to Iron ore,
form calcium silicate coke and
limestone
or slag. This can be
tapped off.
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
1500oC
4. The cooled slag is solid
and used for fertiliser
and road building.
Hot air Hot air
Molten slag
Molten iron
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Properties and uses of Aluminium
Property Uses
Strong, malleable
Low density
Resistant to corrosion
Good conductor of heat
and electricity
Can be polished to a
highly reflective
surface
Properties and uses of Aluminium
Property Uses
Low density and strength make it an
Strong, malleable ideal metal for the construction of
aircraft, ladders and lightweight
vehicles (alloy called duralumin often
Low density used)
Easily shaped and corrosion-free makes
Resistant to corrosion it ideal for drinks cans and roofing
material.
Greenhouses and window frames.
Good conductor of heat
Heat conduction good for boilers,
and electricity cookers and cookware
Overhead power cables (good
Can be polished to a conductor, low density)
highly reflective Ideal for reflecting surfaces such as
surface mirrors, and also heat resistant clothing
for fire fighters.
Properties and uses of Iron
Most iron is used to manufacture steel.
Carbon is added, along with small
amounts of other elements
Properties and uses of Iron
Most iron is used to manufacture steel. Carbon is added, along with small
amounts of other elements
Name and Property Uses
melting point
Cast iron Hard skin, softer Parts with complex
1200oC underneath, brittle, shapes can be
corrodes by rusting made by casting
Mild steel Tough, ductile, malleable, General purpose
1600oC good tensile strength, engineering
corrodes material
High carbon Can be heat-treated to Cutting tools, ball
steel 1800oC make it harder and bearings
tougher
Stainless Hard and tough, resistant Cutlery, kitchen
steel 1400oC to wear and corrosion equipment
End of Section 5 Lesson 1
In this lesson we have covered:
The Reactivity Series
Extraction of Aluminium
Extraction of Iron
Properties and Uses of Aluminium and Iron
