Materials Around Us

Dr. Eva M. Vogel

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 40,000 BC

Stone Age
(Wood and Stone)
Materials

Clay Pottery
2,000 BC
Bronze Age
1,400 BC

Iron Age
(Cast Iron)

Time in History (~Years)

History of Humans and

1,800 AD Steel
1,850 AD Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Plastics

1,900 AD Titanium, Engineering Ceramics

1,950 AD Electronic Age(Semiconductors)

Industrial
Revolution

Carbon Fibers, Composite Materials

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2,000 AD
 Textile
materials
The simplest building blocks of clothing are
the fibers that are ultimately spun and woven into textiles.

Naturally-occurring materials cotton, silk,

hemp, bamboo, linen, leather, feathers, wool,
and rubber.

Synthetics like nylon, polyester, spandex, and

high performance sport fabrics

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Materials in everyday life

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 Materials in everyday
life

Glass bridge 2016 Stone bridge 1357 Tappan Zee bridge 1955-2019

Maglev train Hip replacement Tennis racquet

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 Materials in everyday
life
Wind

Sharks and
rodents Air

Temperature

1886 1906

Reliability is the probability that a system or component will perform its

intended function for a prescribed time and under stipulated
environmental conditions.

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Plasma is called the fourth state of matter. It is a state of
matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly
electrically conductive.
“I’m going to say one word to you. Plastics. There’s a great
future in plastics. Think about it.” Boy, how prescient The
Graduate was on this issue 55 years ago!

All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics. Although polymers can occur
naturally, plastics are entirely man-made.

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 An interdisciplinary field of
Materials Science and Engineering

Structur
e

Performance

Properties Processing

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 Structure
Single crystal, polycrystalline,
amorphous

Single crystal Amorphous

Quartz Glass
amethyst, citrine, milky
quartz, rose quartz, or
agate

A polycrystalline material is comprised of

many small crystallites with different crystal
orientations that are separated by grain
boundaries.

Crystalline and amorphous structures of silicon

dioxide, SiO2
 Structur
e
 Atomic scale: (pm)
 Unit cell scale (sub nm)
 Grain size scale (nm, mm)
 Life size scale: (nm, mm, mm, km)

From G. VanderVoort 2009 galleries at The unit cell of high temperature

ceramic superconductor of
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/metallography/index.html
YBa2Cu3O7.
Sample of steel from a collapsed building on 9/11.
It shows metal transformation at 1000 C.
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 Electrical Property
Superconductivity
vanishing of
electrical
resistance below a
critical
temperature Tc

Discovery of materials with successively higher Tc's over the last century. (Points circled in
red garnered a Nobel Prize for their discoverers: Kamerlingh-Onnes in 1913 and Bednorz &
Müller in 1987.)

Oxygen and rare-earth doping of the 90-K superconducting perovskite YBa2Cu3O7− x

JM Tarascon, WR McKinnon, LH Greene, GW Hull, EM Vogel
Physical Review B 36 (1), 226, 1987
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 Material
Properties
Newly discovered property looks for the
application and the new application desires new
material.
 Mechanical properties Magnetron makers like
Stress, strain, fatigue, creep Raytheon sought new
 Electrical Properties applications for the
Conductivity, dielectric constant technology – microwave
 Magnetic properties ovens.
Permeability, coercivity
 Thermal properties
Conductivity, thermal expansion
 Optical properties
Transmission, absorption,
refraction
 Environmental interaction
Corrosion, radiation damage,
wear
 Aesthetic properties
Color, surface roughness In 1955, Tappan introduced
the microwave oven that
 Toxicity, Recyclable…… sold for almost $11,000 in
today’s dollars.

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 Processing
 Melting
 Rolling
 Sintering
 Annealing
 Molecular-beam
epitaxy
 Vapor deposition
 Ion exchange
 Spray drying
 3D printing

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 Rare earth metals

Lanthanides - rare earth metals

Actinides – all radioactive

Orbitals – specify the shape and position of the regions of space that electrons occupy. The
number of electrons in the outermost shell of a particular atom determines its reactivity, or
tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms.

Because the rare earths have identical outermost electron configurations, their properties are
quite similar.

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 Ceramics

 Glass

 Optical
fibers

 Bio-
ceramics
 Ceramics
definition
Ceramics are natural or synthetic inorganic, non-
metallic, polycrystalline materials.

pottery, porcelain, toilets, abrasives, cements, glass, magnets, bio-ceramic,

batteries……
 Glass definition
Old: Merriam-Webster: “Any of various amorphous solids (formed
from a melt by cooling to rigidity without crystallization)”

Recent: ACerS: Glass is a non-equilibrium, non-crystalline

state of matter that appears solid on a short time
scale but continuously relaxes towards the liquid state.

Phil W. Anderson Nobel Prize 1977 for "their fundamental theoretical

investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered
systems.“
Quote “The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the
theory of the nature of glass and the glass transition.”

Sir Charles Kuen Kao 高昆 Nobel Prize 2009 for "groundbreaking

achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical
communication".

Giorgio Parisi Nobel Prize 2021 for "the discovery of the interplay of
disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary
scales."
United Nations approves 2022 as the
International Year of Glass
Since 1959 the UN has designated International Years in order to
draw attention to major issues.

Ancient writers equated the glassblower’s breath with

the wisdom of the philosopher Seneca.
Bible, references glass
in the Book of Job and the Book of Revelations.

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 Glass Trivia
 Whether in bulk, fiber or film form it is an amorphous
solid

 Lead crystal glassware is not crystalline

zinc oxide, potassium oxide or barium oxide are
replacing Pb
Obsidian (volcanic glass)
 Prepared by melting and quenching, chemical vapor Desert Glass (meteoritic)
deposition or sol-gel synthesis

 Silicates, chalcogenides, tellurites, fluorides, metallic

glass, amorphous semiconductors, etc.

 Glass is a preferred storage method for radioactive

waste.

 Corning Museum of Glass.

Corning Baccarat 1900 New York

Real or Not?

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 The Glass Flowers
Harvard Museum of Natural
History
The problem with Harvard University’s collection
of glass flowers, explains professor of botany
Donald H. Pfister, is that they’re too realistic.

Created by Leopold and Rudolf

Blaschka from 1887 through 1936

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 Gorilla Glass
aluminosilicate glass now antimicrobial

It is used in smartphone displays, is a type of glass that is Antimicrobial Corning® Gorilla® Glass is
strengthened by the addition of potassium ions, which produced by incorporating silver ions (Ag+)
replace smaller sodium ions using an ion-exchange method. as the antimicrobial agent into Corning®
Gorilla® Glass.
 Corning Valor® Glass
Used for COVID-19 Vaccine Preparation

An aluminosilicate glass
that, due to ion-exchange,
is about 10 times stronger
than conventional vials,
with an external coating to
reduce friction so the vials
could slide past each with
less chance of jamming
together or breaking.

Valor glass has been accepted into the

US FDA’s Emerging Technology Program in May 2020.

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 Optical Fiber

If ocean water was as clear as fiber, one could

see all the way to the bottom of the Mariana
Trench in the Pacific Ocean, a depth of 11,000
meters (36,000 ft).

n2
n1
n2

n1 ˃ n 2
The structure of a typical single-mode
fiber.
1. Core: 8 µm diameter
2. Cladding: 125 µm
3. Buffer: 250 µm
4. Jacket: 400 µm
EM Vogel, Glasses as nonlinear photonic materials
Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72 (5), 719-724, 1989
The fluoride glass optical fiber ZBLAN
Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF
JS Wang, EM Vogel, E Snitzer, Optical materials 3 (3), 187-203, 1994
Bio-glass and bio-
ceramics

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 Bio-
ceramics
Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
bioceramic [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is applied as
scaffolds in bone tissue engineering because of
high osteoconductivity and biocompatibility.

Bio-ceramic scaffold

Hydroxyapatite
Goiás, Brazil

Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight human bone is a

modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral

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 Bio-glass

Bioactive glass – NovaMin calcium sodium phosphosilicate

45 wt% SiO2, 24.5 wt% CaO, 24.5 wt% Na2O, 6.0 wt% P2O5
NovaMin is the active ingredient in Sensodyne "Repair &
Protect" toothpaste. Dr. Larry Hench, U. of Florida

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 Summary
 Materials Science
 Superconductors
 Gorilla glass
 Optical fibers
 Biomaterials

Biomaterials MRI scanner 70+

Superconducting wires elements
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 Reality of Materials Research
 Politically independent-portable
 Exciting
 Mysterious, Full of wonders
 Contributing to scientific
knowledge
 Fame
 Wars of egos/Adversary
 Recognition/credit
 Dirty, cluttered
 Full of uncertainty
 Difficult – mentally and
physically
Prof. Jean-Marie Tarascon

Pulsed laser deposition setup. https://solid-state-chemistry-energy-lab.org/jean-

marie-tarascon/biography-cv/

Prof. Robert Cava

https://chemistry.princeton.edu/news/swords-sta
rs-and-superconductors
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Nobel 2019 John Goodenough, M. Stanley
Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino.

JG the oldest Nobel laureate pioneered

the use of lithium cobalt oxide as the
cathode of a lithium-ion rechargeable
battery. Lincoln lab->Oxford-> Texas
MSW discovered that lithium ions
intercalate into titanium sulfide which is
reversible. The process creates electricity.
Exxon->-> SUNY Binghamton
AY discovered that certain carbon is a
good anode for lithium-ion rechargeable
batteries. 34
 Woodstock of Physics
For decades after the heady gathering
in 1987, the HTS technology revolution
remained as elusive as the world peace
that was supposed to result from the
original Woodstock.
1987 Nobel Prize in Physics,
Bednorz and Müller

The most widely known application of

superconductivity is Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI). The high
magnetic fields needed for MRI
scanners are made possible by the
large currents passing through the
superconducting wires in
Oxygen and rare-earth doping of the 90-K
electromagnets.
superconducting perovskite YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x
JM Tarascon, WR McKinnon, LH Greene, GW Hull, EM Recently, the use of YBCO tape gave
Vogel
Physical Review B 36 (1), 226, 1987
20T in 20K has revolutionized Tokamon
becoming the mini-ITER. The
Commonwealth Fusion Company in 35 MA
 Chemiluminescence of Glow
Sticks

50+ years after their emergence, the question of how the glow stick reaction
produces light is still not yet fully understood. The basic chemistry involves the
reaction of an oxalate ester mixed with hydrogen peroxide—a principle that
glowfather Edwin Chandross discovered.

The biggest benefactor of glow sticks is not dance-music fans, but the US
Department of Defense. The DoD is known to require around 20 million "chem-
lights" for their activities.

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 Biomimeti
The goal is to becs
able to leverage lessons from nature to
develop next-generation materials – can we do it better
than Nature?
Prof. Joanna Aizenberg (Harvard):
The first commercially practical glass fibers were not invented until the
1930s, yet “sponges (Venus’ Flower Basket) knew how to do it a half-billion
years ago.”

Millions of years
ago, the “smasher”
mantis shrimp,
figured out a way to
protect the hammer-
like club it uses to
pulverize prey with
incredible speed and
force.

A cross-section of the mantis

shrimp club shows the striated
Prof. David Kisailus (UC at Irvine): region
Some of the ultra-strong and ultra-light materials for the
aerospace and sports industries are based on mantis shrimp
armor.
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Biopolymer - Gum Arabic – conflict
material?
Gum Arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides
predominantly consisting of arabinose and galactose.

 Coca and Pepsi Cola

 Ice cream
 Ink, paint, watercolors, and
photography
 Shoe polish
 Cosmetics
 Fireworks
 Herbal medicines, pills
 Dispersant in ceramics slurries
Search for synthetic substitutes before
it becomes a conflict material. Gum acacia (Acacia senegal), native
to the Sudan region in Africa, yields
true gum Arabic from a sap of the
tree.
Sudan accounts for approximately
80% of global output.
E. M. Vogel, “Dispersants for Ferrite Slurries,” Amer. Cer. Soc. Bull., 58 [4] 453-54, 458
(1979).
(polyethylenimine, ammonium citrate) 38
 Ceramic and Glass Composite Materials
Enhance Performance and Provide Safety in
Sport

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 Optical
Fiber
Then and Now highlights ACerS journal articles that have played historically critical roles in
advancing glass science and technology, as well as recently published articles that are setting
future directions for the field.

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Tennis racquet

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