1.
Explain the views of the socialists on private property with special emphasis on Karl
Marks. Ans. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party. Lenin thought that in a
repressive society like the Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined, and should
control the number and quality of its members. They wanted to transform Russian
society through revolution.
2. . What social changes were seen in the society after industrialization? Ans. After the
industrial revolution, many social and economic changes took place in European
society. Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories.
Unemployment was common, particularly during the times of low demand for
industrial goods. Workers were exploited by industrialists and their working hours
were too long and wages were very IOW. Housing and sanitation were problems since
towns were growing rapidly due to migration of people or workers from rural to the
urban areas.
3 What was the impact of industrialization on Tsarist Russia? Ans.
Unemployment was common. The workers and peasants were
discriminated and exploited by factory owners and landlord.
Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories. They
were exploited by the industrialists. Working hours were too long and
working conditions were worst. Most of the industries were private
property of individuals. The government supervised large factories to
ensure minimum wages and limited working hours. It was the time of
social and economic changes. New industrial regions and railways
expanded.
4. Mention the features of socialism. Ans. Socialism was against owning
private property which is considered the root cause of all social evils.
According to socialism the means of production should be under the
control of the government. It encourages cooperation among workers.
It tries to replace the capitalism. More emphasis is given to increase the
dignity of workers.
5. Describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905. Ans. The
beginning of the twentieth century, the vast majority of Russia's
people was agriculturist. 85% of the Russian empire's population
earned their living from agriculture. Industries were found in pockets.
Prominent industrial areas were St Petersburg and Moscow.
Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories
existed alongside craft workshop. Many factories were set up in the
1890s, when Russia's railway network was extended, and foreign
investment in industries increased. Coal production doubled and iron
and steel output quadrupled
6. Explain any five reasons why Russian people wanted the Czar to
withdraw from the First World War? Ans. In 1914 war broke out
between two European alliances-Germany, Austria and Turkey on one
side and France, Britain and Russia on other side. The Tsarist Russia
joined on the side of the Allied Power with the aim of making some
military gain. Russian army lost badly in Germany and Austria
between 1914 and 1916. There were 7 million causalities by 1917.
Such huge
defeats were humiliating and shocking for people of Russia. The ill-
equipped soldiers of Russia refused to fight such a war. The retreating
Russian army had destroyed its own crops and buildings. There were
over 3 million refugees in Russia. Shortage of food and grins caused of
riots at bread shops. Due to the above reasons, Russian people wanted
the Tsar to withdraw from the First World War.
7. Explain the main objectives of the Russian Revolutionaries. Ans.
Revolutionaries demanded that Russia should withdraw from the World
War. The demanded that land should go to the tiller. The want to
establish government farms. The demanded that banks and industries
should be nationalized. The demanded an improvement in the working
conditions of workers and wages also. The demanded that non Russian
should be given equal status so that they could work for the
development of Russia
8. Mention any five effects of the Petrograd Revolution. Ans. On
Sunday 25 February 1917, the government suspended Duma.
Politicians spoke out against the measures. The streets thronged
with people raising slogans about bread wages, better hours and
democracy. The government tried to control the situation and called
out the cavalry once again. However the cavalry refused to fire on
the demonstrators. An officer was shot at the barracks of a
regiment and three other regiments mutinied, voting to join the
striking workers. By the evening soldiers and striking workers had
gathered to form a soviet or council in the same building as the
Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet
