CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 20
Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz
[email protected]

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 Last Lecture Summary I
 Computer Communications and Network
 Uses of Computer Networks
 Internet
 E-mail
 Instant Messaging, SMS, MMS
 Newsgroup, RSS
 Tele, Audio, Video and Data Conferencing
 VoIP
 Hot Spot, CyberCafe
 GPS
 Groupware, Voice Mail, Web Services
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 Last Lecture Summary II
 Types of Networks
 LAN
 WAN
 MAN
 Client Server
 Peer-to-Peer
 Network Topologies
 Bus
 Star
 Ring
 Mesh
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 Objectives Overview

Describe various types

Explain the purpose of Describe commonly
of lines for
communications used communications
communications over
software devices
the telephone network

Discuss different ways Describe various

to set up a home physical and wireless
network transmission media

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 Network Media
 Media refers to the means used to link a
network's nodes together
 communications channel is the transmission
media on which data, instructions, or
information travel in a communications system.
 Choice impacts
 Speed
 Security
 Size

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 Communication Channel
 The amount of data that can
travel over a communications
channel sometimes is called the
bandwidth
 Latency is the time it takes a
signal to travel from one location
to another on a network
 Transmission media are
materials capable of carrying
one or more signals
 Broadband media transmit
multiple signals simultaneously
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Physical Transmission Media
Twisted-pair cable Fiber-optic cable

Coaxial cable

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 Physical Transmission Media
 Twisted Pair is used for telephone systems and
network cabling
 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television
wiring
 Fiber optic cable is capable of carrying
significantly more data at faster speeds than
wire cables.
 Less susceptible of interference (noise) and
therefore more secure
 Smaller size (thinner and lighter)

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Twisted Pair Cable
 Most common LAN cable
 Called Cat5 or 100BaseT
 Four pairs of copper
cable twisted
 May be shielded from
interference
 Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

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 Coaxial Cable
 Similar to cable TV wire
 One wire runs through cable
 Shielded from interference
 Speeds up to 10 Mbps

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 Fiber-optic Cable
 Data is transmitted with
light pulses
 Glass strand instead of
cable
 Immune to interference
 Very secure
 Hard to work with
 Speeds up to
100 Gbps

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 Physical Transmission Media
 Wire, cable,
and other tangible
materials used
to send
communications
signals

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 Wireless Media
 Data transmitted through the air
 LANs use radio waves
 WANs use microwave signals
 Easy to setup
 Difficult to secure

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 Wireless Transmission Media
 Broadcast Radio distributes radio signals over
long and short distances
 Cellular radio is a form of broadcast radio that
is used widely for mobile communications

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 Wireless Transmission Media
 Microwaves are radio waves that provide a
high-speed signal transmission
 A microwave station is an earth-based
reflective disk used for microwave
communications.
 It must transmit in straight line with no obstructions

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 Wireless Transmission Media
 A communications
satellite is a space
station that receives
microwave signals
from an earth-based
station, amplifies it,
and broadcasts the
signal over a wide
area

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 WirelessTransmission Media
 Used when
inconvenient,
impractical,
or impossible
to install
cables
 Includes
Bluetooth
and IrDA

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 Network Linking Devices
 Connect nodes in the network
 Cable runs from node to device
 Crossover cable connects two computers

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 Network Interface Cards
 Network adapter
 Connects node to the media
 Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

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 Communication Devices
 A network card (NIC) enables a computer or
device to access a network
 Available in a variety of styles
 Wireless network cards often have an antenna

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 Communication Devices
 A hub or switch connects several devices in a
network together
 Device that provides central point for cables in
network

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 Hubs
 Center of a star network
 All nodes receive transmitted packets
 Slow and insecure

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 Switches
 Replacement for hubs
 Only intended node receives transmission
 Fast and secure

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 Bridge
 Connects two or more LANs together
 Packets sent to remote LAN cross
 Other packets do not cross
 Segments the network on MAC addresses

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 Router
 Connects two or more LANs together
 Packets sent to remote LAN cross
 Network is segmented by IP address
 Connect internal networks to the Internet
 Need configured before installation

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 Communication Devices
 A router connects multiple
computers or other routers
together and transmits data
to its correct destination on
a network
 Routers forward data on
Internet using fastest
available path
 Many are protected by a
hardware firewall

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 Gateway
 Connects two dissimilar networks
 Connects coax to twisted pair
 Most gateways contained in other devices

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 Communication Devices
 A wireless access point is a central
communications device that allows
computers and devices to transfer data
wirelessly among themselves or to a wired
network

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 Network Cabling
 Cabling specifications
 Bandwidth measures cable speed
 Typically measured in Mbps
 Maximum cable length
 Connector describes the type of plug

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 Network Protocols
 Language of the network
 Rules of communication
 Error resolution
 Defines collision and collision recovery
 Size of packet
 Naming rules for computers

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 Network Communication
Standards
Token
Ethernet TCP/IP Wi-Fi
ring

Bluetooth UWB IrDA RFID

WiMAX WAP

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 Network Communication
Standards
Ethernet is a network standard that specifies no computer
controls when data can be transmitted

The token ring standard specifies that computers and devices

on the network share or pass a special signal (token)

TCP/IP is a network standard that defines how messages are

routed from one end of a network to another

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 Ethernet
 Very popular cabling technology
 10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5
 Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps
 Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

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 Fast Ethernet
 Newer version of Ethernet
 Bandwidth is 100 Mbps
 Uses Cat5 or greater cable
 Sometimes called 100Base T
 Requires a switch

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 Gigabit Ethernet
 High bandwidth version of Ethernet
 1 to 10 Gbps
 Cat 5 or fiber optic cable
 Video applications

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 Token Ring
 Uses shielded twisted pair cabling
 Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps
 Uses a multiple access unit (MAU)
 Nodes communicate when they have the token
 Popular in manufacturing and finance

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 IPX/SPX
 Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange
 Older protocol
 Associated with Novell Netware
 Replaced by TCP/IP

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 NetBEUI
 Network BIOS Extended User Interface
 Used by Windows to name computers
 Transmission details handled by TCP/IP

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 TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 Most popular protocol
 Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
 IP address
 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
 Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
 Required for Internet access

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 Communication Software
 Communication software consists of programs
that
 Help user establish a connection to Internet, other
network and another computer
 Help users manage the transmission of data,
instructions and information
 Provide an interface for users to communicate with
one another

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Network Communication
Standards

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 Network Communications
 Standards
What are TCP/IP and 802.11?
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) technology
transmits data by breaking it up into small pieces, or packets
 Commonly used for Internet transmissions
 802.11 is family of standards for wireless LANs

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 Network Communications
 Standards
What is Bluetooth?
 Short-range radio waves
transmit
data
between
Bluetooth
devices

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 Network Communications
Standards
What are IrDA, RFID, and Wireless Applications
Protocol (WAP)?
Radio
RadioFrequency
Frequency
Identification
Identification(RFID)
(RFID)
uses
usesradio
radiosignals
signalstotocommunicate
communicate
IrDA with
withaatag
tagplaced
placedininan
anobject
object
IrDA
specification
specificationallows
allows
data
datatotobe
betransferred
transferred
wirelessly
wirelesslyviaviainfrared
infrared Wireless
WirelessApplications
Applications
light
lightwaves
waves Protocol
Protocol(WAP)
(WAP)
allow
allowwireless
wirelessmobile
mobiledevices
devices
totoaccess
accessInternet
Internet

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 Network Communication
Standards
 Wi-Fi identifies any

network based on the

802.11 standard that
facilitates wireless
communication
 Sometimes referred to
as wireless Ethernet

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 Network Communication
 Standards
Bluetooth defines how two Bluetooth
devices use short-range radio waves to
transmit data
 UWB (ultra-wideband) specifies how two
UWB devices use short-range radio waves
to communicate at high speeds
 IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared
(IR) light waves
 RFID uses radio signals to communicate
with a tag placed in or attached to an object,
animal, or person 46
Network Communication
Standards

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 Network Communication
Standards
Wireless Application
WiMAX (802.16)
Protocol (WAP)
• Developed by IEEE • Specifies how some
• Towers can cover a 30- mobile devices can
mile radius display the content of
• Two types are fixed Internet services
wireless and mobile • Web
wireless • E-mail
• Provides wireless • Chat rooms
broadband Internet • Uses a client/server
access network

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Communication Over the Telephone Lines

Dial-up Dedicated
ISDN line
lines line

T-carrier
DSL FTTP
line

ATM

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 Plain Old Telephone System
(POTS)
 Standard phone line

 Two-way voice communication

 Uses analog transmission techniques
 Data communication is slow

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 Communication Over the Telephone Lines
 The public switched telephone network (PSTN)
is the worldwide telephone system that handles
voice-oriented telephone calls

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 Communication Devices
 A communications device is any type of hardware
capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information
between a sending device and a receiving device
 A dial-up modem converts signals between analog and
digital
 Notebook computers often use PC Card modem

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 Modem
 Modulator/Demodulator
 Modulator converts digital to analog
 Speed measured in bits per second (bps)
 Current fastest speed is 56 Kbps
 Quality of phone lines dictates speed
 V.92 is the current modem standard
 Several modem types
 Internal
 External
 Voice
 Fax

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 Modem Uses
 Connection to the Internet
 File transfer
 Uploading
 Downloading

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 Communication Over the Telephone Lines
 Dial-up line is a
temporary connection
using telephone lines
for communications
 Costs no more than
making regular call
 Computers at any two
locations can establish
a connection using
modems and
telephone network

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 Digital Data Connections
 Digital phone lines
 Local telephone companies are upgrading
 Service will faster and more reliable
 New phones will be needed
 Modems will need to be upgraded

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 Digital Data Connections
 ISDN lines
 Integrated Services Digital Network
 Basic rate uses three channels
 Two data channels each support 64 Kbps
 Error correction channel
 Primary rate uses 24 data channels

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ISDN Connection

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 Digital Data Connections
 Cable modem connections
 Popular with home and office users
 Speeds between 1 and 3 Mbps
 Requires a cable modem

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 Communication Devices
 A digital modem sends and receives data and
information to and from a digital line
 A DSL Modem is an external device in which
one end connects to a telephone line and the
other end connects to a port on the system unit

DSL modem Cable modem

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 Digital Data Connections
 Broadband connection
 Any data connection faster than 56 Kbps
 Common in business
 Becoming popular in home installations

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 Digital Data Connections
 T lines
 High-capacity voice/data lines
 Used to control phone and data
 Several variants
 T1 transmits at 1.544 Mbps
 T3 transmits at 44.736 Mbps

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 Digital Data Connections
 DSL technologies
 Digital Subscriber Line
 Popular with home users
 Speeds range from 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps
 Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)
 Upload speed slower than download speed
 Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
 Requires a DSL modem

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 Communication Over the Telephone Lines
 ADSL connections transmit data downstream
at a much faster rate than upstream

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 Digital Data Connections
 ATM
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 Efficient transfer of video and sound
 Requires a special NIC and hardware

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 Wireless Networks
 Benefits
 No cable to pull
 Mobile devices access network resources
 Mobility and flexibility for office workers

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 Wireless Networks
 Wireless 802.11
 Also called Wi-Fi
 IEEE standard
 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
 Several versions
 802.11b connects up to 11Mbps
 802.11g connects up to 56Mbps
 Use the same type of devices

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 Wireless Networks
 Wireless Access Point
 Center of a wireless network
 WAPS combined cover a larger area
 Distance to WAP determines bandwidth
 Range is 50 to 150 meters
 Extension points can extend range

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 Wireless Networks
 Wireless Adapters
 Used by devices to connect
 Includes signal strength software

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 Communication Devices
 Cable Modem
 Sends and receives data over cable television
network
 Much faster than dial-up modem or ISDN
 Sometimes called a broadband modem

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 Communication Devices
 A wireless modem uses the cell phone
network to connect to the Internet wirelessly
from a notebook computer, a smart phone, or
other mobile device
 Typically use the same waves used by cellular
telephones

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Communication Over the Telephone Lines

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 Home Networks
 Home networks provide computers with the
following capabilities:

Connect to the Share a single high- Access files and

Internet at the speed Internet programs on other Share peripherals
same time connection computers

Connect game
Play multiplayer Subscribe to and
consoles to the
games use VoIP
Internet

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 Home Networks
 Type of Wired home Network
Ethernet
 Ethernet
 Connect computers via cable
 Powerline Powerline cable
 Use electrical lines in house
 Phoneline
 Use telephone lines Phoneline
 HomeRF (Radio Frequency)
 wireless
Home RF

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Home Networks

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 Communications Channel
Howis a request sent over the Internet using a
communications channel?
Step 1. The sending device
requests information using either
a physical transmission media
or a wireless transmission media.

Step 2. When the request leaves

the ISP, it travels over T1 lines,
microwave stations, earth-based
stations, and communications satellites
until it reaches the Internet backbone.

Step 3. The request travels over

T3 lines along the Internet backbone.

Step 4. The Request travels over T1 lines

until it reaches the destination network server.

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 Summary
 Network Media
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber-optics
 Wireless Transmission Media
 Network Linking Devices
 Network Interface Cards
 Hubs, Switches
 Bridge, Routers, Gateways

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 Summary
 Network Communication Standards
 Ethernet
 Token ring
 TCP/IP
 Wi-Fi, Blue tooth, WiMAX
 IrDA, RFID, WAP
 Communications Over Telephone Lines
 Modem, Dialup, ISDN
 DSL, ADSL, Cable Modem
 T lines, ATM

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