5G based on Passive Optical

Networks And Their Network

Topologies

PRESENTED BY:
RITIKA MAHAJAN
27301973901
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE

1. OBJECTIVES
2. Evolution from 4G to 5G
3. Why 5G using passive optical
networks
4. What is PON
5. PON standards
6. PON Technologies
7. TDM-PON
8. WDM-PON
9. TWDM-PON
10. Block diagram for star based
NGPON2 using PIN photodetector
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE

11. Results for star based NGPON2 using PIN

12. Block diagram for tree based NGPON2

using APD photodetector
13. Block diagram for tree based NGPON2 for
APD photodetector using booster amplifier

14. Results for tree based NGPON2

15. PON architecture for 5G fronthaul transport

16. Block diagrams of integration of 5G with

PON
17. Results
18. Conclusion
19. References
 OBJECTIVES
•Performance evaluation of Star topology based Next-
generation Passive optical networks.
•Performance evaluation of Tree topology based Next-
generation Passive optical networks
•To design a PON based system for 5G fronthaul and to
evaluate the performance of it.
 EVOLVING FROM 4G TO 5G
ARCHITECTURE?
• This conventional fronthaul uses the CPRI
protocol to transport digitized IQ data at a
continuous bit rate, regardless of whether
user traffic is present.

• The new radio (NR) transport architecture

is characterized by changes in the original
baseband lution from 4G/LTE to 5G new
unit (BBU) function in 4G/LTE.
• The concept behind the new design is to
redistribute the radio signal processing
functions in EPC and BBU to new
functional elements.

• The latency demands are achieved.

• 100 times speed impovement
• 90% reduction in network energy usage.
 WHY 5G USING PASSIVE OPTICAL
NETWORKS (PON)?

•The technological advancements brings challenges in the transport

network of 5G. The mobile fronthaul link imposes stringent
requirements for latency, bandwidth and cost.
•Due to the demand of high data rates, Low Latency and High
System Capacity, a reliable MFH(Mobile fronthaul) and
MBH(Mobile Backhaul) is required.
•Efficient use of fibers.
•This job is best filled by using Passive Optical Networks by
providing point to multipoint communication.
 WHAT IS PON?
• A point-to-multipoint optical communication system.
• The most popular system to realize Fiber To The Home (FTTH) in
the world.
• There are multiple ONUs communicate with an OLT via optical
splitters.

Passive Optical Networks Architecture [1]

OLT : Optical Line Terminal
The main function of OLT is to control the information float
across the ODN, going both directions, while being located in a
central office.
ONU: Optical Network Unit
ONU converts optical signals transmitted via fiber to electrical
signals. These electrical signals are then sent to individual
subscribers.
Splitter :
• It is a passive device in the PON and acts as a power divider.
It is bidirectional element that divides the downstream optical
signal from OLT to the outputs of splitter connected with
ONU.
• In the same way, it combines the optical signals from all the
ONUs to the single fiber connected with OLT. It splits the
single input fiber into N output fibers
PON STANDARDS:

Evolution of various standards of PON [1]

 PON TECHNOLOGIES
TDM-PON:

TDM-PON ARCHITECTURE[2]
• TDM-PON is a point to multipoint network.
• In downstream traffic, OLT transmits the data to the ONUs.
•Each ONU is assigned with a time slot and it transmits the data in that
time slot only.
 WDM-PON:

WDM-PON ARCHITECTURE[3]

• A specific wavelength is assigned to each ONU.

• The wavelength selectivity can be done either in the optical distribution
network(ODN) or in the ONU itself.
• Such sharing of fiber infrastructure is very important for operating expense savings
and enabling 5G deployments where the network must support massive scale of
connected devices.
 NGPON2
TWDM-PON:

TWDM-PON ARCHITECTURE[4]

• Four XG-PONs are stacked by using four pairs of wavelengths. ONUs contain colorless
tunable transmitters and receivers.
• The tunable transmitter is able to tune to any of the four upstream wavelengths. The receiver
is tunable to any of the four downstream wavelengths.
 ONUs
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NGPON2
USING PHOTODETECTOR PIN
PIN PD

PIN PD
λ1

TX1, λ1 PIN PD

PIN PD
λ2
A
TX2, λ2 WDM
MUX
W
G λ3 PIN PD
TX3, λ3
PIN PD

FIBER
TX4, λ4
PIN PD
λ4
TX : Transmitterλ3
PIN PD

AWG : Array Waveguide Grating

PIN PD : p-i-n Photodetector
BF: Bessel filter Data rate: 40Gbps
3RG: 3R Generator λ1 =1596nm, λ2=1596.8nm,
ONU: Optical Network Unit λ3=1597.6nm, λ4=1598.4nm
 RESULTS FOR NGPON2 DOWNLINK USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN WITH SPLIT 16,32,64,128…

Q(PIN1 Q(PIN3 Q(PIN6 Q(PIN12

POWER 6) 2) 4) 8)

-5 0 0 0 0

-4 0 0 0 0

-3 2.70655 0 0 0

-2 2.80585 0 0 0

-1 3.62928 0 0 0

0 4.31649 2.49744 2.32433 0

1 5.92891 2.8219 2.89693 0

2 7.08781 3.49064 3.55574 0

3 8.41749 5.30792 4.58663 0

4 11.144 5.52273 5.01675 0

PROBLEM USING PHOTODETECTOR
PIN
Initially, the Q-factor using photodetector PIN increases
till power split 64. It is observed that as the split ratio
starts increasing, the Q factor approaches to zero. For
example, in 128 power split, the Q-factor becomes zero.
This is the disadvantage of using photodetector PIN.

SOLUTION
To avoid this problem and increase the functioning of
split ratio, APD has been used and the results are
recorded. It has been observed that the use of APD not
only increase the possibility of using higher split ratio but
also the Q-factor values for all splitters increase. The
BER also gets improved.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
ONUs
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NGPON
USING PHOTODETECTOR APD APD

APD
λ1

TX1, λ1 APD

APD
λ2
A
TX2, λ2 WDM
MUX
W
G λ3 APD
TX3, λ3
APD

FIBER
TX4, λ4
APD
λ4
TX : Transmitter APD
AWG : Array Waveguide Grating
APD : Avalaunche Photo Diode Bit rate: 40Gbps
BF: Bessel filter Downseam wavelength λ=1596nm
3RG: 3R Regenerator Upstream wavetrlength = 1524nm
ONU: Optical Network Unit Frequency spacing= 0.8nm
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON2 DOWNLINK
USING PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT
16

POWER Q(PIN16) Q(APD16)

-5 0 6.7524
INPUT
POWE -4 0 9.49391
R: -5 -3 2.70655 10.689
dBm -2 2.80585 14.2039
to
-1 3.62928 17.049
5dBm
0 4.31649 16.3632
1 5.92891 19.101
2 7.08781 19.6118
3 8.41749 27.7272
4 11.144 27.0317
5 12.2777 27.7493
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 16

POWER BER(PIN16) BER(APD16)

-5 1 7.08E-12
-4 1 1.09E-21
-3 0.0155991 5.70E-27
-2 0.00473262 4.30E-46
0.00012853
-1 2 1.73E-65
0 2.75E-07 1.67E-60
1 3.03E-09 1.16E-81
2 3.14E-15 5.61E-86
3 8.31E-21 1.57E-169
4 2.43E-33 2.91E-161
5 7.92E-50 8.23E-170
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 32

POWER Q(PIN32) Q(APD32)

-5 0 4.18065
-4 0 4.80367
-3 0 5.56338
-2 0 8.05586
-1 0 9.28041
0 2.49744 10.2094
1 2.8219 12.1721
2 3.49064 14.8267
3 5.30792 16.4488
4 5.52273 21.2149
5 7.40949 20.9378
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON2 USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 32

POWER BER(PIN32) BER(APD32)

-5 1 0.0001399

-4 1 3.74E-06

-3 1 6.27E-09

-2 1 1.76E-12

-1 1 3.44E-18

0 0.00106545 5.21E-27

1 0.00193892 4.87E-41

2 2.01E-05 1.05E-56

3 2.06E-06 1.50E-58

4 1.84E-09 3.62E-82

5 1.34E-16 7.76E-110
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 64

POWER Q(PIN64) Q(APD64)

-5 0 2.24195

-4 0 2.29351

-3 0 2.83931

-2 0 4.03885

-1 0 4.47226

0 2.32433 6.263

1 2.89693 8.13071

2 3.55574 8.78639

3 4.58663 11.9286

4 5.01675 13.7375

5 7.37594 15.1181
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON2 USING
PHOTODETECTOR PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 128

POWER Q(PIN128) Q(APD128)

-5 0 0

-4 0 0

-3 0 0

-2 0 0

-1 0 2.44717

0 0 2.99136

1 0 3.85934

2 0 5.56503

3 0 6.66381

4 0 8.34742

5 0 8.60355
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON USING PHOTODETECTOR
PIN AND APD WITH SPLIT 128

BER(PIN128 BER(APD12
POWER ) 8)
-5 1 1
-4 1 1
-3 1 1
-2 1 1
-1 1 0.00229371
0.00033875
0 1 7
1 1 4.15E-05
2 1 7.22E-08
3 1 3.40E-09
4 1 9.58E-12
5 1 4.44E-20
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON2 UPLINK
STAR TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD
WITH SPLIT 8
POWER(db
m) Q-FACTOR
-5 0
-4 0
-3 0
-2 2.02155
-1 2.75849
0 3.80269
1 4.88813
2 5.98481
3 7.8723
4 10.2019
5 12.6664
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON2 UPLINK STAR
TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD WITH
SPLIT 8
POWER(db
m) BER
-5 1
-4 1
-3 1
-2 0.0188675
0.0025016
-1 9
0 6.35E-05
1 4.74E-07
2 9.40E-10
3 1.53E-15
4 8.57E-25
5 3.99E-37
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TREE TOPOLOGY
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2KM
TREE TOPOLOGY
8
P
I
N

2KM
FIBER S

8
TX1 W P
W D I
D M M N
2K
TX2 M
D P
M E S
TX3 U
2K

M
8
M

X U
P
TX4 X I
N
P
S
TX= Transmitter
KM

WDM: Wavelength division

8
2

multiplexing
P
PS: Power splitter
I
APD:Avalaunche Photodiode
N
BF:Bandpass filter Bit rate: 40Gbps
Downseam wavelength λ=1596nm
P Upstream wavetrlength = 1524nm
S Frequency spacing= 0.8nm
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON2 DOWNLINK
TREE TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD WITH
SPLIT 128

POWER Q-FACTOR
(TREE)
-5 0
-4
0
-3 0
-2 0
-1 0
0 3.025
1 3.24926
2 4.1747
3
5.30934
4 5.89941
5 7.83191
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON2 DOWNLINK TREE
TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD WITH SPLIT
128

POWER BER
(TREE)
-5
1
-4
1
-3
1
-2
1
-1
1
0
0.001243
1
0.000578
2
1.49E-05
3
5.50E-08
4
1.82E-09
5
2.40E-15
PROBLEM:
• It is observed that the Q-factor and BER for tree
topology are acceptable but not as good as in star
topology.

SOLUTION:

• To overcome this problem, Booster amplifier is used

to enhance the performance of the system and the
results for the same are recorded.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
2KM
TREE TOPOLOGY USING
BOOSTER AMPLIFIER 8
P
I
N

B P

2K M
O S
TX1 O
S 8
W P
T D
W I
E
D
R 2K M
M N
TX2 M
A D
M P
E S
P
M
2K

L M
U 8
M

TX3 I
X U P
F X I
I N
E P
TX4 R S
2K M

8
P
I
N
Bit rate: 40Gbps
Downseam wavelength λ=1596nm
P Upstream wavetrlength = 1524nm
S Frequency spacing= 0.8nm
 RESULTS: Q-FACTOR FOR TREE TOPOLOGY USING BOOSTER
AMPLIFIER
POWER(dbm) GAIN(dB) Q-FACTOR BER

0 0 2.44717 7.19E-03

0 1 3.14725 8.22E-04

0 2 3.81622 6.75E-05

0 3 4.98065 3.15E-07

0 4 6.24778 2.06E-10

0 5 7.28611 1.59E-13

0 6 8.5847 4.46E-18

0 7 9.79695 5.77E-23

0 8 12.151 2.74E-34

0 9 14.5205 4.40E-48

0 10 14.0493 3.53E-45

0 11 16.2783 6.51E-60

0 12 19.6742 1.65E-86

0 13 20.4587 2.14E-93

0 14 18.8662 8.72E-80

0 15 17.887 5.59E-72

0 16 16.5226 9.61E-62

0 17 15.8283 7.23E-57

0 18 14.4524 8.52E-48

0 19 12.452 4.93E-36

0 20 10.3026 2.33E-25
GRAPH : Q-FACTOR VS GAIN FOR TREE
TOPOLOGY

Maximum Q-factor at 13dB gain

GRAPH : BER VS GAIN FOR TREE TOPOLOGY
 RESULTS FOR Q-FACTOR FOR NGPON2 UPLINK TREE
TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD WITH SPLIT
8

POWER(db
m) Q-FACTOR
-5 0
-4 0
-3 0
-2 1.98760
-1 2.01678
0 3.21095
1 3.31280
2 4.53210
3 6.98346
4 8.87034
5 10.65032
 RESULTS FOR BER FOR NGPON2 UPLINK TREE
TOPOLOGY USING PHOTODETECTOR APD WITH SPLIT
8

POWER(db
m) BER
-5 1
-4 1
-3 1
-2 0.0588690
-1 0.0020169
0 7.35E-04
1 3.74E-05
2 9.40E-8
3 2.41E-13
4 8.57E-21
5 4.11E-27
PON ARCHITECTURE FOR 5G FRONTHAUL
TRANSPORT

The Transport Network (TN) is Shown using PtP

Fiber for Backhaul and PON for Fronthaul.
INTEGRATION OF 5G WITH PON
 CENTRAL OFFICE
λ1=1596 nm, λ2=1596.8nm,
λ3=1597.6nm, λ4=1598.4nm
TX2, λ1 TX=Transmitter
Bit rate=10Gbps for each TX
W WDM=Wavelength division
TX2, λ2 D multiplexer
M WDM TX(8): 193.1 THz with
0.1THz spacing
TX2, λ3 M FIBER 20KM
U IDEAL
X MUX
TX2, λ4

NGPON
RX1
WDM NGPON
WDM
TX RX2
MUX 1
(8) NGPON
RX3
NGPON
RX4
CW WDM
LASER MUX 2 5G
(8) SIGNAL
 Optical Distribution
Network

Data from
fiber
WDM DEMUX
FBG 1
(1:4)

POWER
COMBINER

WDM DEMUX
2
(1:16)

FBG: Fiber bragg grating

Frequency: 193.1 THz
Bandwidth: 3.73 THz
 ONUs

APD
POWER
SPLITTER
(128)

APD
POWER
SPLITTER
(128)

POWER APD

SPLITTER
(128)

APD
POWER
SPLITTER
(128)
 5G TOWER

Pseudo random NRZ Modulator

sequence generator

Reflective
Semiconductor
optical
Reflective amplifier(RSOA)
fiber
bidirectional

Bessel 3R BER
APD regenerator Analyzer
Filter

DEMUX
 5GSIGNAL FROM TOWER TO
EXCHANGE OFFICE

W
5G uplink 3R BF APD D
M Fiber D
E
M
D U
X
E
M
5G uplink 3R BF APD U
X
DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL TO DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL
FIRST 5G TOWER RECEIVED AT FIRST 5G TOWER
SIGNAL AVAILABLE FOR SIGNAL AFTER
REMODULATION REMODULATION 5G
TOWER1
5G UPSTREAM SIGNAL AT OLT
 BER FOR 5G UPLINK

POWER(dbm) ber
-20 1.83E-10
-18 3.90E-16
-16 6.15E-12
-14 8.22E-14
-12 1.70E-16
-10 4.90E-18
-8 1.69E-17
-6 3.19E-16
-4 7.79E-27
-2 3.65E-19
0 5.50E-24
 QFACTOR FOR 5G UPLINK

power(dbm) qfactor
-20 6.18959
-18 7.9962
-16 6.70013
-14 7.29926
-12 8.08947
-10 8.52071
-8 8.36604
-6 8.01641
-4 10.6185
-2 8.82935
0 9.9899
 BER FOR 5G DOWNLINK

POWER(db
m) BER
-20 1.97E-05
-18 1.36E-09
-16 2.95E-22
-14 9.52E-36
-12 1.89E-77
-10 1.89E-136
-8 2.07E-196
-6 9.19E-286
-4 0
-2 0
0 0
 Q-FACTOR FOR 5G
DOWNLINK

POWER(dbm) Qfactor
-20 4.1113
-18 5.94544
-16 9.63117
-14 12.424
-12 18.5886
-10 24.8342
-8 29.8715
-6 36.1025
-4 47.2114
-2 51.7644
0 46.3444
 BER FOR NGPON2
DOWNLINK

power ber
-5 1
-4 1
-3 1
-2 0.022296
-1 0.002832
0 0.000245
1 1.90E-05
2 5.26E-07
3 1.23E-11
4 1.41E-10
5 5.18E-20
 QFACTOR FOR NGPON2
DOWNLINK

POWER Qfactor
-5 0
-4 0
-3 0
-2 2.00734
-1 2.76317
0 3.48219
1 4.11905
2 4.88152
3 6.67597
4 6.30427
5 9.08454
 CONCLUSION
• Q-factor decreases with the increase in split ratio in PIN photodiode and
approaches to zero for power split 128. For split 128, Q-factor values are
acceptable after -2dbm power for APD photodiode. Therefore APD is
preferred to PIN Photodiode.
•The maximum value of Q-factor for 128 split for downlink star based
NGPON2 is 8.60 at 5dbm power whereas it is 20dbm for downlink tree based
NGPON2 at 0dbm power with the use of booster amplifier. Considering the
physical distribution factor, Tree topology is preferred to Star based
NGPON2.
• For uplink, the Q-factor for star and tree based NGPON2 has a small
difference only (12.6664 for star and 12.6664 for tree based ngpon2).
•From the integration of 5G with NGPON2, it can be concluded that
maximum Q-factor achieved is
51.7644 for 5G downlink at -2dbm power
10.6185 for 5G uplink at -4dbm
9.08 for NGPON2 downlink at 5dbm
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THANK YOU